{"id":15499,"date":"2026-09-18T05:31:39","date_gmt":"2026-09-18T05:31:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/?p=15499"},"modified":"2026-09-18T05:31:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T05:31:39","slug":"isc-cissp-practice-test-questions-and-exam-dumps-part12-q221-240","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/isc-cissp-practice-test-questions-and-exam-dumps-part12-q221-240\/","title":{"rendered":"ISC CISSP Practice Test Questions and Exam Dumps Part12 Q221-240"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/h1>\n

View Full <\/b>ISC CISSP Exam Dumps<\/b><\/a> and Practice Test Dumps.<\/b><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question 221<\/b><\/h3>\n

Which security control is most effective for limiting the impact of a compromised user account by restricting its permissions to only required resources?<\/b><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Least privilege<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Data aggregation<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Open design<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Risk avoidance<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

    Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

    Least privilege limits users, applications, and processes to only the permissions required to perform authorized tasks. If an account is compromised, restricting its privileges can reduce the resources an attacker can access and the actions they can perform. Least privilege should be applied throughout the identity lifecycle and reviewed when responsibilities change. It can be implemented using role-based access control, attribute-based policies, privileged access management, and carefully designed administrative roles. Organizations should also monitor privileged activity because limiting permissions does not eliminate the possibility of misuse or credential compromise.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 222<\/b><\/h3>\n

    Which security architecture principle requires administrative functions to be divided among different individuals so that no single person has complete control over a critical process?<\/b><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Fail-safe defaults<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Separation of duties<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. Complete mediation<\/span><\/li>\n
    4. Open design<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Correct Answer: 2<\/b><\/p>\n

      Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

      Separation of duties divides critical responsibilities among multiple individuals or roles. This reduces the possibility that one person can perform an entire sensitive process without oversight. For example, one employee may request a financial transaction while another approves it. In security administration, one individual might manage account requests while another approves privileged access. Separation of duties can reduce fraud, abuse, and errors, although organizations should also consider collusion between individuals. The specific division of responsibilities should reflect the organization’s risk level, operational requirements, and regulatory obligations.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Question 223<\/b><\/h3>\n

      Which security model is primarily concerned with preventing unauthorized disclosure of information?<\/b><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Bell-LaPadula<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. Biba<\/span><\/li>\n
      3. Clark-Wilson<\/span><\/li>\n
      4. Brewer-Nash<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

        Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

        The Bell-LaPadula model focuses primarily on confidentiality and preventing unauthorized disclosure of information. Its concepts include the simple security property, commonly described as \u201cno read up,\u201d and the *-property, commonly described as \u201cno write down.\u201d These rules help prevent subjects at lower security levels from accessing higher-classification information and prevent sensitive information from being written to lower classification levels. Bell-LaPadula does not primarily address data integrity. Models such as Biba focus more directly on integrity, while Clark-Wilson emphasizes well-formed transactions and separation of duties.<\/span><\/p>\n

        Question 224<\/b><\/h3>\n

        Which security model focuses primarily on preventing unauthorized modification of information?<\/b><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Bell-LaPadula<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. Biba<\/span><\/li>\n
        3. Brewer-Nash<\/span><\/li>\n
        4. Information flow model<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Correct Answer: 2<\/b><\/p>\n

          Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

          The Biba model focuses on maintaining information integrity by preventing unauthorized modification or contamination of data. Its commonly referenced principles include \u201cno write up\u201d and \u201cno read down,\u201d which are intended to prevent lower-integrity subjects from modifying higher-integrity information and prevent subjects from receiving potentially less trustworthy information. Biba addresses a different security objective from Bell-LaPadula, which focuses on confidentiality. Organizations can use different models depending on the security requirements of their environments, and practical systems may implement principles from several models simultaneously.<\/span><\/p>\n

          Question 225<\/b><\/h3>\n

          Which security model uses well-formed transactions and separation of duties to maintain the integrity of information?<\/b><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Biba<\/span><\/li>\n
          2. Bell-LaPadula<\/span><\/li>\n
          3. Clark-Wilson<\/span><\/li>\n
          4. Take-Grant<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Correct Answer: 3<\/b><\/p>\n

            Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

            The Clark-Wilson model focuses on maintaining data integrity through well-formed transactions, constrained data items, and separation of duties. Users do not necessarily manipulate sensitive information directly; instead, authorized programs or transformation procedures perform approved operations. This approach helps ensure that data remains in a valid and controlled state. Separation of duties further reduces the possibility that one individual can improperly manipulate critical transactions without oversight. Clark-Wilson is particularly relevant to commercial environments where transaction integrity, accountability, and controlled processing are important security requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Question 226<\/b><\/h3>\n

            Which security model dynamically limits a user’s access to prevent conflicts of interest when working with competing organizations?<\/b><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Bell-LaPadula<\/span><\/li>\n
            2. Biba<\/span><\/li>\n
            3. Brewer-Nash<\/span><\/li>\n
            4. Clark-Wilson<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Correct Answer: 3<\/b><\/p>\n

              Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

              The Brewer-Nash model, also known as the Chinese Wall model, addresses conflicts of interest by dynamically restricting access based on a user’s previous access to information. For example, a consultant who accesses confidential information belonging to one company may subsequently be prevented from accessing sensitive information belonging to a competing company. The model is designed to reduce the risk that knowledge obtained from one organization will be improperly used for another. Access decisions can change as users interact with different information sets, making the model particularly relevant to consulting and financial environments.<\/span><\/p>\n

              Question 227<\/b><\/h3>\n

              Which security principle requires every access request to a protected resource to be checked against the current authorization rules?<\/b><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Complete mediation<\/span><\/li>\n
              2. Open design<\/span><\/li>\n
              3. Least common mechanism<\/span><\/li>\n
              4. Economy of mechanism<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                Complete mediation requires access permissions to be checked whenever a subject attempts to access a protected resource. The principle prevents a system from relying indefinitely on an earlier authorization decision when permissions or circumstances may have changed. For example, if a user’s access is revoked, subsequent requests should not continue to succeed merely because an old authorization decision was cached. Implementing complete mediation can have performance implications, so systems may use carefully controlled caching mechanisms. Any optimization should preserve the security intent of continuous authorization enforcement.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Question 228<\/b><\/h3>\n

                Which security principle recommends preventing unnecessary sharing of mechanisms between users or applications?<\/b><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Least common mechanism<\/span><\/li>\n
                2. Defense in depth<\/span><\/li>\n
                3. Fail-safe defaults<\/span><\/li>\n
                4. Open design<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                  Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                  The principle of least common mechanism recommends minimizing the amount of shared functionality or resources between users and processes. Shared mechanisms can create unintended information paths and increase the possibility that one user’s actions will affect another user’s security context. Reducing unnecessary sharing can improve isolation and limit the consequences of compromise. Examples include separating application resources, minimizing shared temporary storage, and avoiding unnecessary shared services. Least common mechanism complements least privilege and isolation by reducing opportunities for unintended interactions between otherwise independent security domains.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  Question 229<\/b><\/h3>\n

                  Which security principle states that a system should remain secure even if its design is known to potential attackers?<\/b><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Fail-safe defaults<\/span><\/li>\n
                  2. Psychological acceptability<\/span><\/li>\n
                  3. Open design<\/span><\/li>\n
                  4. Least privilege<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Correct Answer: 3<\/b><\/p>\n

                    Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                    Open design states that security should not depend on keeping the system’s design or implementation secret. Security mechanisms should remain effective when their architecture and algorithms are publicly understood. This principle supports independent review and helps identify weaknesses through broader examination. Cryptographic systems illustrate this concept because secure algorithms should depend on protecting secret keys rather than hiding the algorithm itself. Relying heavily on secrecy of implementation can create fragile security. Open design therefore encourages transparency while ensuring that critical secrets remain appropriately protected.<\/span><\/p>\n

                    Question 230<\/b><\/h3>\n

                    Which security principle requires a system to default to denying access when an explicit authorization decision is not available?<\/b><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Fail-safe defaults<\/span><\/li>\n
                    2. Complete mediation<\/span><\/li>\n
                    3. Economy of mechanism<\/span><\/li>\n
                    4. Least common mechanism<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                      Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                      Fail-safe defaults means that a system should deny access when authorization has not been explicitly granted or when a security mechanism encounters an uncertain condition. This approach helps prevent configuration errors from accidentally creating excessive access. For example, a newly created firewall rule should not automatically permit traffic simply because its intended behavior has not been fully defined. Systems should be designed so that failures and missing permissions do not create unintended authorization. Fail-safe behavior should be balanced with operational requirements to avoid unnecessary service disruptions.<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Question 231<\/b><\/h3>\n

                      Which security principle recommends designing interfaces and controls so that legitimate users can understand and use them without unnecessary difficulty?<\/b><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Psychological acceptability<\/span><\/li>\n
                      2. Separation of duties<\/span><\/li>\n
                      3. Complete mediation<\/span><\/li>\n
                      4. Defense in depth<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                        Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                        Psychological acceptability means security mechanisms should be understandable and reasonably convenient for legitimate users. When security controls are excessively complicated, users may attempt to bypass them, share credentials, create insecure workarounds, or otherwise undermine the intended protection. Effective security design should provide appropriate protection without making normal business activities unnecessarily difficult. Examples include intuitive authentication processes, clear security prompts, understandable policies, and practical workflows. Usability does not mean weakening security; instead, it recognizes that controls are more likely to be followed when users can apply them correctly.<\/span><\/p>\n

                        Question 232<\/b><\/h3>\n

                        Which security architecture principle is most directly associated with keeping security mechanisms simple enough to reduce implementation errors?<\/b><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Economy of mechanism<\/span><\/li>\n
                        2. Data minimization<\/span><\/li>\n
                        3. Nonrepudiation<\/span><\/li>\n
                        4. Risk transference<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                          Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                          Economy of mechanism recommends keeping security mechanisms as simple and minimal as practical. Complex security designs can contain more defects, dependencies, and configuration challenges, making them harder to analyze and maintain. Simpler mechanisms are generally easier to review, test, monitor, and troubleshoot. The principle does not mean reducing necessary security functionality; rather, it encourages avoiding unnecessary complexity. Security professionals can apply this principle to system architecture, access control mechanisms, authentication workflows, application design, and cryptographic implementations while ensuring that required protection remains effective.<\/span><\/p>\n

                          Question 233<\/b><\/h3>\n

                          Which security concept ensures that users can be held responsible for actions performed using their individual accounts?<\/b><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Accountability<\/span><\/li>\n
                          2. Availability<\/span><\/li>\n
                          3. Confidentiality<\/span><\/li>\n
                          4. Redundancy<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                            Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                            Accountability allows actions to be traced to identifiable users, systems, or processes. Unique accounts, authentication, authorization, logging, and monitoring all contribute to accountability. If several administrators share one account, it becomes difficult to determine which individual performed a particular action. Organizations should therefore avoid unnecessary shared accounts and should protect audit records against unauthorized modification. Accountability supports investigations, compliance, incident response, and enforcement of organizational policies. It is closely related to identification and authentication because reliable attribution depends on establishing who or what performed an action.<\/span><\/p>\n

                            Question 234<\/b><\/h3>\n

                            Which security property ensures that information has not been altered in an unauthorized or accidental manner?<\/b><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Confidentiality<\/span><\/li>\n
                            2. Integrity<\/span><\/li>\n
                            3. Availability<\/span><\/li>\n
                            4. Privacy<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Correct Answer: 2<\/b><\/p>\n

                              Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                              Integrity ensures that information remains accurate, complete, and protected against unauthorized or unintended modification. Organizations can support integrity using hashes, digital signatures, access controls, transaction controls, checksums, file integrity monitoring, and change management. Integrity is particularly important for financial records, system configurations, software, and other information where unauthorized modification could produce harmful consequences. Confidentiality prevents unauthorized disclosure, while availability ensures authorized access when needed. Security architectures should address all relevant properties because protecting one aspect of information does not automatically protect the others.<\/span><\/p>\n

                              Question 235<\/b><\/h3>\n

                              Which security property protects information from being disclosed to unauthorized individuals or systems?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Integrity<\/span><\/li>\n
                              2. Availability<\/span><\/li>\n
                              3. Confidentiality<\/span><\/li>\n
                              4. Accountability<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Correct Answer: 3<\/b><\/p>\n

                                Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                                Confidentiality protects information from unauthorized access or disclosure. Controls that support confidentiality include encryption, access controls, data classification, authentication, network segmentation, secure handling procedures, and data loss prevention. Confidentiality requirements vary according to the sensitivity and context of the information. For example, customer records and proprietary business information may require stronger protections than information intended for public release. Confidentiality is one component of the CIA triad, along with integrity and availability. Effective security programs should determine the appropriate balance of these properties according to business and risk requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                Question 236<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                Which security property ensures that authorized users can access systems and information when required?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Availability<\/span><\/li>\n
                                2. Confidentiality<\/span><\/li>\n
                                3. Integrity<\/span><\/li>\n
                                4. Nonrepudiation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                                  Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                                  Availability ensures that authorized users can access systems, services, and information when needed. Organizations can improve availability through redundancy, fault tolerance, backups, load balancing, disaster recovery, business continuity planning, preventive maintenance, and capacity management. Availability can be affected by hardware failures, software defects, natural disasters, power interruptions, network outages, and denial-of-service attacks. Availability requirements should be based on business needs because not every system requires the same level of resilience. Critical services may require geographically separated infrastructure and carefully defined recovery objectives.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                  Question 237<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                  Which security service provides evidence that a specific party performed or approved a digital transaction and helps prevent that party from later denying the action?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. Availability<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  2. Nonrepudiation<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  3. Data minimization<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  4. Fault tolerance<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Correct Answer: 2<\/b><\/p>\n

                                    Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                                    Nonrepudiation provides evidence supporting the origin, integrity, or occurrence of a particular action or transaction. Digital signatures can associate information with a private key controlled by a signer, while secure audit trails can provide additional evidence about when and how an action occurred. Nonrepudiation requirements may depend on legal, regulatory, and organizational circumstances. Authentication alone does not necessarily provide nonrepudiation because authentication establishes access at a particular time but may not provide sufficient evidence for later dispute resolution. Proper key management and protected audit records are important components.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                    Question 238<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                    Which control is designed to identify a security event or policy violation rather than prevent it from occurring?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. Detective control<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    2. Preventive control<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    3. Corrective control<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    4. Directive control<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      Detective controls identify security events, policy violations, or suspicious behavior after or while an event occurs. Examples include intrusion detection systems, security monitoring, audit logs, file integrity monitoring, and surveillance cameras. Detection allows security personnel to investigate activity and initiate an appropriate response. Detective controls should be supported by clear alerting procedures and sufficient log retention. They differ from preventive controls, which attempt to stop unwanted activity before it occurs, and corrective controls, which help restore systems after an event has affected them.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Question 239<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                      A company implements a new authentication mechanism specifically to reduce the likelihood of unauthorized account access. What type of control is this?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. Corrective<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      2. Preventive<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      3. Detective<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      4. Recovery<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Correct Answer: 2<\/b><\/p>\n

                                        Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                                        A preventive control is intended to stop or reduce the likelihood of an unwanted event before it occurs. Strong authentication mechanisms, such as multifactor authentication, can reduce the probability that stolen passwords alone will provide unauthorized access. Other preventive controls include access restrictions, firewalls, secure configurations, and application allowlisting. Preventive controls should be combined with detective and corrective mechanisms because no single control is guaranteed to stop every threat. Organizations should also monitor authentication activity so that suspicious attempts can be identified and investigated promptly.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                        Question 240<\/b><\/h3>\n

                                        Which security control helps restore normal operations after malware has been removed from a compromised workstation?<\/b><\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. Corrective control<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        2. Deterrent control<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        3. Directive control<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        4. Preventive control<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          Correct Answer: 1<\/b><\/p>\n

                                          Explanation<\/b><\/p>\n

                                          Corrective controls restore systems or processes to an acceptable state after an undesirable event. After malware has been removed, restoring a workstation from a trusted backup, rebuilding the operating system, correcting configurations, or repairing affected applications can all represent corrective actions. Corrective controls often depend on information obtained from detective controls and may be activated as part of an incident response process. Organizations should document recovery procedures and test them periodically. Effective corrective capabilities reduce downtime and help ensure that compromised systems can return to a secure operational condition.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                          View Full ISC CISSP Exam Dumps and Practice Test Dumps.   Question 221 Which security control is most effective for limiting the impact of a compromised user account by restricting its permissions to only required resources? Least privilege Data aggregation Open design Risk avoidance Correct Answer: 1 Explanation Least privilege limits users, applications, and processes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1648,1647],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15499"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15499"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15499\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15516,"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15499\/revisions\/15516"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15499"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15499"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.examlabs.com\/certification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15499"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}