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Question 201

Which subnet mask provides 126 usable IPv4 host addresses in a subnet?

1. 255.255.255.128
2. 255.255.255.192
3. 255.255.255.224
4. 255.255.255.240

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

A subnet that requires 126 usable IPv4 host addresses needs 128 total addresses because two addresses are normally reserved for the network and broadcast addresses. A block containing 128 addresses uses a /25 prefix, which corresponds to the subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The usable host range therefore contains 126 addresses. A /26 provides only 62 usable addresses, while /27 provides 30 and /28 provides 14. Selecting the correct subnet mask is important when designing IPv4 networks because it determines both the number of available subnets and hosts per subnet.

Question 202

Which command enables IPv6 routing on a Cisco router?

1. ipv6 routing-enable
2. ipv6 unicast-routing
3. enable ipv6 routing
4. ip routing ipv6

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The ipv6 unicast-routing global configuration command enables a Cisco router to forward IPv6 unicast packets between interfaces. Without this command, an IPv6-enabled interface can have an IPv6 address, but the router does not operate as an IPv6 router for forwarding unicast traffic. The command is entered from global configuration mode. After IPv6 routing is enabled, administrators can configure IPv6 addresses, static routes, or dynamic IPv6 routing protocols as required. This command is a fundamental step when configuring a Cisco device for IPv6 routing.

Question 203

Which protocol is used by Cisco switches to exchange information about directly connected Cisco devices?

1. CDP
2. DHCP
3. NTP
4. FTP

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Cisco Discovery Protocol, or CDP, allows Cisco devices to discover information about directly connected neighboring Cisco devices. CDP can provide details such as the neighbor’s device ID, local and remote interfaces, platform, software version, and management address. It operates at Layer 2 and is useful for network discovery and troubleshooting. CDP is Cisco proprietary, while LLDP is an industry-standard alternative that can operate between devices from different vendors. CDP should be disabled on interfaces where discovery information should not be exposed, particularly toward untrusted networks.

Question 204

Which routing table code identifies a directly connected network on a Cisco router?

1. S
2. O
3. C
4. D

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The letter C in a Cisco IPv4 routing table indicates a directly connected network. When an interface is configured with an IP address and is operational, the router normally installs the connected network into its routing table. Cisco also uses the code L for a local route representing the specific IP address assigned to an interface. S represents a static route, O represents an OSPF-learned route, and D commonly represents an EIGRP route. Understanding routing table codes helps administrators quickly identify how a route was learned.

Question 205

What is the purpose of a router’s loopback interface?

1. It provides a logical interface that remains independent of physical interface status
2. It automatically assigns DHCP addresses
3. It creates a Layer 2 trunk
4. It disables routing protocols

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

A loopback interface is a logical interface that is not tied to a physical network connection. Because it remains operational as long as the router itself is functioning, it can provide a stable address for management, routing protocol identification, monitoring, or testing. OSPF and other routing protocols can use a loopback address when selecting a router ID. Loopback interfaces are configured similarly to physical interfaces but do not require physical cabling. They are particularly useful when administrators need a predictable address that is less affected by individual interface failures.

Question 206

Which device typically separates broadcast domains by default?

1. Layer 2 switch
2. Hub
3. Router
4. Repeater

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

A router separates broadcast domains because routers do not normally forward Layer 2 broadcast frames between interfaces. Each router interface represents a different Layer 3 network, creating a separate broadcast domain. A traditional Layer 2 switch forwards broadcasts throughout a VLAN, so all devices in the same VLAN remain within the same broadcast domain. Hubs and repeaters also do not provide Layer 3 broadcast-domain separation. Routers therefore play an important role in controlling broadcast traffic and enabling communication between different IP networks through Layer 3 routing.

Question 207

Which protocol is commonly used to securely transfer files between network devices using SSH encryption?

1. TFTP
2. FTP
3. SCP
4. HTTP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Secure Copy Protocol, or SCP, transfers files securely using the SSH protocol. Because SCP provides encryption and authentication through SSH, it is safer than traditional protocols such as FTP and TFTP, which do not provide the same level of secure transport by default. Network administrators can use SCP to securely copy configuration files, software images, or other files between Cisco devices and management systems. TFTP is simple and commonly used for basic network file transfers, but it does not encrypt the transferred information or provide strong authentication.

Question 208

What is the main purpose of the IPv4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)?

1. To map an IPv4 address to a MAC address
2. To assign an IPv4 address automatically
3. To calculate the shortest routing path
4. To encrypt Ethernet frames

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

ARP is used in IPv4 networks to determine the MAC address associated with a known IPv4 address on the local network. When a device needs to send an Ethernet frame to a local IPv4 destination but does not know the destination MAC address, it sends an ARP request. The device owning that IPv4 address responds with an ARP reply containing its MAC address. The sender can then place that MAC address in the Ethernet frame. ARP is therefore essential for IPv4 communication across Ethernet-based local networks.

Question 209

Which command displays a summary of IPv4 interfaces, their IP addresses, and their operational status on a Cisco router?

1. show interfaces
2. show ip interface brief
3. show ip route
4. show running-config

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The show ip interface brief command provides a concise summary of router or Layer 3 switch interfaces. Its output commonly includes interface names, assigned IP addresses, and the status and protocol states of each interface. This makes the command especially useful for quickly identifying interfaces that are administratively down, physically down, or operational. The full show interfaces command provides much more detailed information, while show ip route displays routing information and show running-config displays the active configuration. For quick interface troubleshooting, show ip interface brief is highly useful.

Question 210

Which IPv6 address type is designed for communication with the nearest member of a group according to routing information?

1. Unicast
2. Broadcast
3. Anycast
4. Multicast

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

An IPv6 anycast address is assigned to multiple interfaces, usually on different devices, and packets sent to that address are delivered to the topologically nearest interface according to the routing system. Anycast can be useful for services that should be reachable from multiple distributed locations. IPv6 does not use traditional broadcast addresses. Unicast identifies a single interface, while multicast delivers traffic to multiple members of a multicast group. Understanding these IPv6 address types is important because IPv6 uses different communication mechanisms than traditional IPv4 networks.

Question 211

Which Cisco command saves the current running configuration so that it can be restored after a device reload?

1. copy startup-config running-config
2. copy running-config startup-config
3. save running-config
4. write memory startup

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The command copy running-config startup-config saves the active configuration in RAM to the startup configuration stored in nonvolatile memory. The startup configuration is loaded when the device boots. If an administrator makes configuration changes but does not save them, those changes can be lost after a reload or power failure. The running configuration represents the current active settings, while the startup configuration represents the saved configuration used during boot. Regularly saving important configuration changes helps prevent accidental loss of network device settings.

Question 212

Which wireless frequency band generally provides greater range and better wall penetration but may experience more interference from household devices?

1. 5 GHz
2. 6 GHz
3. 2.4 GHz
4. 60 GHz

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The 2.4 GHz wireless band generally provides longer range and better penetration through walls than higher-frequency Wi-Fi bands. However, it is more susceptible to interference because many household and wireless devices operate in or near this frequency range. The 5 GHz band typically offers more available channels and higher performance over shorter distances, while newer 6 GHz Wi-Fi provides additional spectrum where supported. Wireless network design therefore requires balancing coverage, capacity, interference, and client compatibility when selecting appropriate frequency bands.

Question 213

What is the main purpose of a default gateway configured on an end device?

1. To identify the device’s MAC address
2. To provide a path to remote networks
3. To assign the device’s hostname
4. To provide DNS resolution

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

A default gateway provides an end device with a Layer 3 path to destinations outside its local subnet. When the destination IP address is not part of the device’s directly connected network, the device forwards the packet toward its configured default gateway, which is typically a router or Layer 3 switch interface. The gateway then determines how to reach the remote network. The default gateway does not provide DNS resolution, assign hostnames, or identify MAC addresses. Proper gateway configuration is essential for communication beyond the local subnet.

Question 214

Which protocol is commonly used to monitor network devices and collect management information from them?

1. SNMP
2. SMTP
3. SSH
4. SCP

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Simple Network Management Protocol, or SNMP, is commonly used for monitoring and managing network devices. An SNMP management system can query devices for information such as interface statistics, device status, CPU utilization, and other operational data. SNMP uses a manager-agent architecture in many deployments. SNMPv3 provides stronger security features than older versions by supporting authentication and encryption. SSH provides secure interactive access, SCP provides secure file transfer, and SMTP is associated with email delivery. SNMP is therefore especially useful for centralized network monitoring and performance management.

Question 215

Which STP port role provides the best path from a non-root switch toward the root bridge?

1. Designated port
2. Root port
3. Disabled port
4. Alternate VLAN port

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The root port is the port on a non-root switch that provides the best path toward the STP root bridge. Each non-root switch normally selects one root port based on the lowest path cost to the root. If multiple paths have equal cost, additional tie-breakers such as the upstream bridge ID and port ID are considered. The root bridge itself does not have a root port because it is the reference point for the spanning-tree topology. Root ports normally operate in a forwarding state when STP has converged.

Question 216

Which NAT method maps one private IPv4 address to one specific public IPv4 address?

1. Dynamic NAT
2. PAT
3. Static NAT
4. Default NAT

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Static NAT creates a permanent one-to-one mapping between an inside local private IPv4 address and an inside global public IPv4 address. This is useful when an internal device, such as a server, needs to be consistently reachable using a specific public address. Dynamic NAT also translates private addresses to public addresses but typically uses a pool and creates temporary mappings. PAT allows many private hosts to share one or a small number of public addresses by using transport-layer port numbers. Static NAT is therefore appropriate for fixed one-to-one mappings.

Question 217

Which command can be used to verify the OSPF neighbors currently known by a Cisco router?

1. show ospf neighbors
2. show ip ospf neighbor
3. show ip route ospf
4. show interfaces ospf

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The show ip ospf neighbor command displays OSPF neighbor relationships established by a Cisco router. The output can include the neighbor router ID, priority, state, dead timer, and interface through which the neighbor is reachable. This command is especially useful when troubleshooting OSPF adjacency problems. If an expected neighbor does not appear, administrators can investigate issues such as mismatched areas, authentication, network types, timers, IP addressing, or interface status. The command provides direct visibility into OSPF neighbor relationships rather than simply showing learned routes.

Question 218

Which security mechanism requires devices or users to authenticate before gaining access to a switch port?

1. 802.1X
2. 802.1Q
3. 802.3af
4. 802.11ax

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

IEEE 802.1X provides port-based network access control. It can require a user or endpoint to authenticate before the switch allows normal network access through the port. An 802.1X deployment commonly includes a supplicant on the endpoint, an authenticator such as a switch, and an authentication server such as a RADIUS server. This mechanism helps prevent unauthorized devices from obtaining network connectivity simply by plugging into an available switch port. The other standards serve different purposes, including VLAN tagging, Power over Ethernet, and wireless networking.

Question 219

Which ICMP message is commonly returned when a router’s IP packet TTL reaches zero while traveling through the network?

1. Echo Reply
2. Destination Unreachable
3. Time Exceeded
4. Redirect

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

An ICMP Time Exceeded message is generated when the IPv4 TTL field reaches zero before a packet reaches its destination. Each router that forwards an IPv4 packet normally decreases its TTL by one. If the value becomes zero, the router discards the packet and can send an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the source. Traceroute relies on this behavior to identify routers along a path. Echo Reply is associated with successful ping responses, while Destination Unreachable indicates that a destination or service cannot be reached.

Question 220

Which data modeling language is commonly used with NETCONF and RESTCONF to define the structure of network configuration and operational data?

1. JSON
2. XML
3. YANG
4. YAML

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

YANG is a data modeling language designed to represent configuration and operational data used by network management protocols such as NETCONF and RESTCONF. It defines structured models describing the data that network devices expose and accept. NETCONF commonly uses XML to encode data, while RESTCONF commonly works with XML or JSON representations. YANG itself is not simply a data-encoding format; it defines the structure and relationships of the data. Using standardized models helps network automation systems interact with devices in a consistent and predictable manner.