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Question 221

Which IPv4 subnet contains the host address 192.168.25.130/25?

1. 192.168.25.0/25
2. 192.168.25.64/25
3. 192.168.25.128/25
4. 192.168.25.192/25

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

A /25 subnet uses the mask 255.255.255.128 and creates blocks of 128 addresses. The first subnet ranges from 192.168.25.0 through 192.168.25.127, while the second ranges from 192.168.25.128 through 192.168.25.255. Because the host address is 192.168.25.130, it belongs to the second subnet, 192.168.25.128/25. The network address is .128, the broadcast address is .255, and usable host addresses range from .129 through .254. Understanding subnet boundaries is essential for accurate IPv4 addressing and troubleshooting.

Question 222

Which protocol allows multiple devices to share a single public IPv4 address by using different port numbers?

1. Static NAT
2. PAT
3. Dynamic NAT
4. DHCP

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Port Address Translation, or PAT, allows multiple private IPv4 devices to share a single public IPv4 address. PAT distinguishes individual connections by using unique source port numbers along with the translated public address. This allows many internal hosts to access external networks without requiring a separate public IPv4 address for every device. PAT is widely used because public IPv4 addresses are limited. Static NAT provides fixed one-to-one mappings, while dynamic NAT normally maps addresses from a public pool. DHCP is used for automatic IP configuration rather than address translation.

Question 223

Which command displays the IPv6 addresses and operational status of interfaces in a concise format?

1. show ipv6 interface brief
2. show ipv6 route brief
3. show interfaces ipv6
4. show ip interface ipv6

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The show ipv6 interface brief command provides a concise overview of IPv6-enabled interfaces. The output can show interface names, IPv6 addresses, and interface status information, making it useful for quickly verifying IPv6 configuration. Administrators can use this command to identify interfaces that lack an expected IPv6 address or are not operational. More detailed IPv6 information can be obtained with show ipv6 interface. The command is particularly helpful during initial IPv6 configuration and troubleshooting because it provides a quick summary without displaying the extensive details of a full interface report.

Question 224

Which routing protocol uses hop count as its primary metric?

1. OSPF
2. EIGRP
3. BGP
4. RIP

Correct Answer: 4

Explanation

Routing Information Protocol, or RIP, uses hop count as its primary routing metric. Each router crossed toward a destination adds one hop to the route’s metric. RIP considers a maximum of 15 hops as reachable, while a metric of 16 represents an unreachable destination. OSPF uses cost, EIGRP uses a composite metric, and BGP primarily evaluates path attributes such as AS path and local preference. Although RIP is limited compared with modern routing protocols, understanding its hop-count metric is useful for recognizing different routing protocol behaviors.

Question 225

Which command places a switch interface into trunk mode without relying on dynamic trunk negotiation?

1. switchport trunk enable
2. switchport mode trunk
3. trunk interface mode
4. switchport encapsulation trunk

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The switchport mode trunk command manually configures a Cisco switch interface to operate as a trunk. A trunk carries traffic for multiple VLANs between network devices. Manually configuring trunk mode provides predictable behavior and avoids relying on Dynamic Trunking Protocol negotiations to establish the trunk. Additional commands can be used to specify the allowed VLANs and native VLAN. The interface configuration should be compatible on both ends of the link. This command is commonly used when connecting switches, routers, or other devices that require multiple VLANs over one physical connection.

Question 226

Which wireless security method provides enterprise authentication using a centralized authentication server?

1. WPA2-Personal
2. WEP
3. WPA2-Enterprise
4. Open authentication

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

WPA2-Enterprise provides stronger centralized wireless access control by using 802.1X authentication and commonly a RADIUS server. Instead of sharing one pre-shared key among all users, individual users or devices can authenticate using credentials or certificates managed through the authentication infrastructure. WPA2-Personal uses a shared pre-shared key and is generally intended for smaller networks. WEP is an older and insecure wireless security mechanism, while open authentication provides no meaningful encryption or authentication. Enterprise wireless security is useful when centralized user management and accountability are required.

Question 227

What is the purpose of the show ip route command on a Cisco router?

1. It displays the routing table
2. It displays only connected interfaces
3. It displays the ARP cache
4. It displays the startup configuration

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The show ip route command displays the router’s IPv4 routing table. The routing table contains networks the router knows about, including directly connected networks, static routes, and routes learned through dynamic routing protocols. Entries commonly include route codes, destination prefixes, administrative distance, metric, next-hop information, and outgoing interfaces. This command is one of the most important tools for troubleshooting Layer 3 connectivity. By examining the routing table, an administrator can determine whether the router has an appropriate path toward a particular destination.

Question 228

Which IPv6 multicast address represents all nodes on the local link?

1. FF02::1
2. FF02::2
3. FF05::1
4. FE80::1

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The IPv6 multicast address FF02::1 identifies all IPv6 nodes on the local link. Devices listening to this multicast group can receive traffic sent to that address. IPv6 uses multicast instead of traditional broadcast for many local communication functions. FF02::2 represents all IPv6 routers on the local link. Addresses beginning with FE80::/10 are link-local unicast addresses rather than multicast addresses. Recognizing common IPv6 multicast addresses is important when troubleshooting Neighbor Discovery, router discovery, and other IPv6 control-plane operations.

Question 229

Which feature helps prevent an unauthorized DHCP server from responding to DHCP client requests?

1. Port Security
2. DHCP Snooping
3. BPDU Guard
4. Dynamic ARP Inspection

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

DHCP Snooping is a Layer 2 security feature designed to protect networks against unauthorized DHCP servers. The switch classifies ports as trusted or untrusted. DHCP server-facing ports are typically configured as trusted, while client-facing ports remain untrusted. DHCP server responses received on untrusted ports can then be blocked. DHCP Snooping also creates a binding database containing information such as client MAC addresses, assigned IP addresses, VLANs, and interfaces. Other security features can use this information. BPDU Guard and Dynamic ARP Inspection protect against different types of network threats.

Question 230

Which protocol is used by routers to exchange reachability information between different autonomous systems on the Internet?

1. OSPF
2. EIGRP
3. BGP
4. RIP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Border Gateway Protocol, or BGP, is the primary routing protocol used to exchange routing information between autonomous systems. It is classified as an exterior gateway protocol and plays a central role in Internet routing. BGP uses path attributes and policy-based decisions rather than simply selecting the path with the lowest traditional metric. OSPF and EIGRP are primarily used for internal routing within an organization, while RIP is an older interior gateway protocol. BGP is particularly important for service providers, large enterprises, and organizations with multiple external routing connections.

Question 231

What does the acronym VLAN stand for?

1. Virtual Local Area Network
2. Variable Local Access Node
3. Virtual Link Address Network
4. Verified Local Area Node

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

VLAN stands for Virtual Local Area Network. A VLAN logically divides a Layer 2 switched network into separate broadcast domains without requiring separate physical switches for every network segment. Devices in different VLANs are logically separated and normally require a Layer 3 device to communicate with each other. VLANs improve network organization, segmentation, and administrative flexibility. For example, an organization can place users, voice devices, and management systems into different VLANs while using the same physical switching infrastructure. VLAN configuration is a fundamental part of modern switched Ethernet networks.

Question 232

Which command displays the VLANs configured on a Cisco switch and the ports assigned to them?

1. show vlan brief
2. show vlan trunk
3. show interfaces vlan
4. show switchport vlan

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The show vlan brief command provides a concise summary of VLANs configured on a Cisco switch. It normally displays VLAN numbers, names, status, and the access ports assigned to each VLAN. This command is useful when troubleshooting VLAN membership because administrators can quickly determine whether an access port is associated with the expected VLAN. Trunk information is better examined with commands such as show interfaces trunk. The show vlan brief command is therefore one of the most commonly used verification commands when configuring or troubleshooting switched networks.

Question 233

Which protocol provides encrypted remote command-line access to a Cisco network device?

1. Telnet
2. FTP
3. SSH
4. TFTP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Secure Shell, or SSH, provides encrypted remote command-line access to network devices. SSH protects usernames, passwords, commands, and other session information from being transmitted in plaintext. Cisco administrators commonly configure SSH for secure remote management instead of Telnet, which sends information without encryption. SSH typically requires appropriate hostname, domain-name, local user or AAA configuration, and cryptographic keys. FTP and TFTP are primarily file-transfer protocols. Using SSH for device management is a fundamental security practice because remote administrative sessions should be protected from interception.

Question 234

Which Ethernet standard defines Power over Ethernet for supplying electrical power over network cabling?

1. 802.1Q
2. 802.3af
3. 802.11ac
4. 802.1D

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

IEEE 802.3af is an Ethernet standard that defines an early implementation of Power over Ethernet, commonly called PoE. PoE allows compatible Ethernet cabling to carry both data and electrical power to supported devices such as IP phones, wireless access points, and certain cameras. This can simplify deployment by reducing the need for separate electrical power connections near each device. IEEE 802.1Q is associated with VLAN tagging, 802.11ac is a wireless networking standard, and 802.1D is associated with traditional Spanning Tree Protocol.

Question 235

What happens to a packet when a router has no matching route and no default route?

1. The router broadcasts the packet
2. The router sends the packet to every interface
3. The router normally discards the packet
4. The router automatically creates a static route

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

If a router receives an IP packet and cannot find a matching route in its routing table, it checks for a default route. If no suitable default route exists, the router normally discards the packet because it has no known path toward the destination. Depending on the circumstances, the router may generate an ICMP Destination Unreachable message back toward the source. Routers do not automatically broadcast the packet, send it through every interface, or create a new static route. Maintaining accurate routing information is therefore essential for reliable connectivity.

Question 236

Which type of Ethernet cable was traditionally used to directly connect two similar devices, such as two switches, without auto-MDI/MDIX?

1. Straight-through cable
2. Rollover cable
3. Crossover cable
4. Console cable

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

A crossover Ethernet cable was traditionally used to directly connect similar Ethernet devices, such as switch-to-switch or router-to-router connections, when the interfaces did not support automatic MDI/MDIX. The cable reverses the transmit and receive pairs so that the devices can communicate correctly. Modern Cisco devices commonly support auto-MDI/MDIX, reducing the need to manually select a crossover cable. Straight-through cables were traditionally used between unlike device types, while rollover cables are associated with console connections rather than normal Ethernet data links.

Question 237

Which OSPF device is responsible for reducing the number of adjacencies on a multiaccess network such as Ethernet?

1. Designated Router
2. Area Border Router
3. Autonomous System Boundary Router
4. Backup Gateway Router

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

On OSPF broadcast multiaccess networks, such as Ethernet, a Designated Router, or DR, helps reduce the number of OSPF adjacencies that would otherwise be required between every router. A Backup Designated Router, or BDR, is also elected to provide redundancy. Routers establish appropriate relationships with the DR and BDR rather than forming full adjacencies with every other router on the segment. This reduces the amount of OSPF control traffic and improves scalability. The DR and BDR election uses interface priority and router ID as important selection factors.

Question 238

Which IPv4 address range is reserved for private networks according to RFC 1918?

1. 11.0.0.0/8
2. 172.16.0.0/12
3. 192.0.2.0/24
4. 224.0.0.0/4

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The RFC 1918 private IPv4 address ranges include 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16. The range 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 is therefore reserved for private network use. Private addresses are not globally routable across the public Internet and are commonly used inside organizations. Public connectivity can be provided through mechanisms such as NAT or PAT. The other listed ranges serve different purposes, including documentation and multicast. Recognizing private address ranges is essential for IPv4 network design and troubleshooting.

Question 239

Which command displays the interfaces that are currently operating as switch trunks?

1. show interfaces trunk
2. show trunk interfaces
3. show vlan trunks
4. show interfaces vlan trunk

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The show interfaces trunk command displays information about trunk interfaces on a Cisco switch. The output can show which ports are operating as trunks, the encapsulation type, native VLAN, allowed VLANs, and VLANs that are currently active or forwarding. This command is particularly useful when troubleshooting VLAN connectivity between switches. If a VLAN is not allowed across a trunk or the native VLAN is mismatched, the command can help identify the configuration. It provides more focused trunk information than general interface-status commands.

Question 240

Which automation approach uses a centralized controller to manage and program network devices?

1. Traditional standalone networking
2. Controller-based networking
3. Peer-to-peer switching
4. Manual console networking

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Controller-based networking uses a centralized software controller to manage and program network devices. Instead of configuring every device independently through manual CLI sessions, administrators can use the controller to apply policies, automate configurations, monitor devices, and maintain consistency across the network. This approach is a key concept in software-defined networking and modern network automation. Traditional networking often relies more heavily on individual device configuration. Centralized controllers can improve scalability and operational consistency, although the controller itself becomes an important component that must be properly secured and maintained.