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Question 241

Which subnet mask provides 30 usable IPv4 host addresses per subnet?

1. 255.255.255.192
2. 255.255.255.224
3. 255.255.255.240
4. 255.255.255.248

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

A subnet requiring 30 usable IPv4 host addresses needs 32 total addresses because one address identifies the network and one identifies the broadcast address. A 32-address block uses a /27 prefix, which corresponds to the subnet mask 255.255.255.224. This leaves 30 usable host addresses in each subnet. A /26 provides 62 usable addresses, while /28 provides only 14 and /29 provides 6. Correctly selecting a subnet mask allows network administrators to use address space efficiently while providing enough addresses for the required number of devices.

Question 242

Which protocol is responsible for discovering IPv6 neighbors and routers on the local network?

1. ARP
2. DHCP
3. NDP
4. RARP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Neighbor Discovery Protocol, or NDP, performs several functions in IPv6 networks that are associated with ARP and router discovery in IPv4. NDP uses ICMPv6 messages to discover neighboring devices, determine link-layer addresses, detect duplicate addresses, and discover routers. Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement messages are important parts of this process. IPv6 does not use ARP. DHCP can provide additional IPv6 configuration information, but NDP remains fundamental to normal IPv6 operation. Understanding NDP is essential when troubleshooting IPv6 neighbor and gateway communication.

Question 243

Which switch feature can place an interface into an err-disabled state if an unexpected BPDU is received?

1. PortFast
2. BPDU Guard
3. Root Guard
4. DHCP Snooping

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

BPDU Guard protects PortFast-enabled access ports by placing the interface into an err-disabled state when an unexpected Bridge Protocol Data Unit is received. PortFast is normally used on ports connected to end devices and should not receive STP BPDUs from another switch. If a switch or other bridging device is connected unexpectedly, BPDU Guard can shut down the port to prevent potential Layer 2 topology problems. Root Guard serves a different STP protection purpose, while DHCP Snooping protects against unauthorized DHCP servers and builds binding information.

Question 244

Which routing protocol is classified as a link-state routing protocol?

1. OSPF
2. RIP
3. BGP
4. EIGRP

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

OSPF is a link-state interior gateway routing protocol. It builds a topology database by exchanging link-state information with neighboring routers and then uses the Shortest Path First algorithm to calculate the best paths. OSPF uses cost as its routing metric and supports hierarchical designs using areas. RIP is a distance-vector protocol, while BGP is an exterior gateway protocol that uses path attributes for route selection. EIGRP is commonly described as an advanced distance-vector or hybrid protocol. OSPF is widely used in enterprise networks because of its scalability and fast convergence.

Question 245

What is the purpose of the OSPF router ID?

1. It identifies an OSPF router uniquely within the OSPF routing domain
2. It identifies the physical interface carrying OSPF
3. It determines the OSPF cost of every link
4. It identifies the default gateway

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The OSPF router ID is a 32-bit value used to uniquely identify an OSPF router within an OSPF routing domain. It is commonly selected from a manually configured router ID, the highest loopback address, or the highest active interface IP address when a router ID is not explicitly configured. The router ID is important for OSPF neighbor relationships, LSAs, and DR/BDR elections. It does not directly determine interface cost or identify the default gateway. Administrators often use a loopback interface to provide a stable address for router identification.

Question 246

Which command displays the MAC addresses that a switch has learned dynamically?

1. show arp
2. show ip route
3. show mac address-table
4. show vlan brief

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The show mac address-table command displays the MAC address table maintained by a Cisco switch. It can show MAC addresses learned dynamically, the VLAN associated with each address, and the interface through which the address was learned. This information helps administrators determine which switch port is associated with a particular Layer 2 device. The ARP table maps IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses, while the routing table contains Layer 3 paths. show vlan brief displays VLAN membership but does not provide the complete learned MAC address table.

Question 247

Which IPv6 prefix identifies link-local unicast addresses?

1. FF00::/8
2. 2000::/3
3. FE80::/10
4. FC00::/7

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The IPv6 prefix FE80::/10 identifies link-local unicast addresses. These addresses are automatically assigned or manually configured on IPv6 interfaces and are intended for communication on the local network segment. Routers do not normally forward link-local traffic beyond the local link. IPv6 routing protocols and Neighbor Discovery commonly rely on link-local addresses for local communication. FF00::/8 represents multicast addresses, 2000::/3 is associated with global unicast addressing, and FC00::/7 is reserved for unique local addresses.

Question 248

Which command enables an interface to obtain its IPv4 address automatically from a DHCP server?

1. ip address dhcp
2. ip dhcp client
3. dhcp address enable
4. ip address dynamic

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The ip address dhcp command configures a Cisco router interface to request its IPv4 address dynamically from a DHCP server. The interface sends DHCP messages to obtain an address and related configuration information. This is commonly used when a router interface connects to a network where an upstream DHCP service assigns addresses dynamically, such as some ISP connections. It differs from configuring a static address with the ip address command followed by an explicit IP address and subnet mask. Correct DHCP configuration allows the interface to receive addressing information automatically.

Question 249

Which Layer 2 protocol prevents switching loops by placing redundant paths into a blocking or alternate state?

1. DHCP
2. STP
3. DNS
4. FTP

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Spanning Tree Protocol, or STP, prevents Layer 2 switching loops by creating a loop-free logical topology while maintaining redundant physical connections. STP elects a root bridge and determines appropriate port roles and states. Some redundant paths can be placed into a non-forwarding state so that frames do not circulate indefinitely. If the active path fails, STP can allow an alternate path to become active depending on the STP implementation and topology. Without loop prevention, redundant Ethernet links could create broadcast storms, duplicate frames, and MAC table instability.

Question 250

Which protocol is commonly used to securely authenticate users against a centralized AAA server and uses TCP?

1. RADIUS
2. TACACS+
3. SNMP
4. Syslog

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

TACACS+ is a Cisco-supported AAA protocol that uses TCP for reliable communication between network devices and an authentication server. It separates authentication, authorization, and accounting functions, allowing administrators to control user access to network devices in detail. TACACS+ encrypts the entire body of the authentication packet, providing strong protection for AAA communication. RADIUS commonly uses UDP and combines authentication and authorization in a different way. SNMP is primarily used for management and monitoring, while Syslog is used to collect event messages.

Question 251

Which command can display the current configuration stored in RAM on a Cisco device?

1. show startup-config
2. show saved-config
3. show running-config
4. show flash-config

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The show running-config command displays the active configuration currently being used by the Cisco device. This configuration is stored in RAM and contains the settings currently applied to interfaces, routing protocols, security features, and other services. Changes made during a configuration session are reflected in the running configuration immediately. They are not automatically saved to the startup configuration. The show startup-config command displays the saved configuration that the device will use during the next boot. Comparing these two configurations can help identify unsaved changes.

Question 252

Which Ethernet switching method begins forwarding a frame before the entire frame has been received?

1. Store-and-forward
2. Cut-through
3. Fragment-free
4. Broadcast-forwarding

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Cut-through switching begins forwarding an Ethernet frame after reading enough of the frame to determine the destination MAC address, rather than waiting for the complete frame to arrive. This can reduce forwarding latency compared with store-and-forward switching. Store-and-forward receives the entire frame and checks it for errors before forwarding. Cut-through can provide faster forwarding but may forward corrupted frames because the switch does not necessarily wait for the full frame and complete error check. Modern switching platforms may support different forwarding methods depending on hardware and configuration.

Question 253

Which IPv4 address is reserved for loopback testing?

1. 169.254.0.1
2. 127.0.0.1
3. 192.168.1.1
4. 224.0.0.1

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The IPv4 loopback range is 127.0.0.0/8, with 127.0.0.1 being the most commonly recognized loopback address. Traffic sent to a loopback address remains within the local host and does not require transmission over a physical network interface. Administrators and applications can use loopback communication to test the local TCP/IP stack and network services. The 169.254.0.0/16 range is associated with IPv4 link-local addressing, 192.168.0.0/16 is private addressing, and 224.0.0.0/4 is used for multicast communication.

Question 254

What is the main purpose of LLDP on a network device?

1. To discover neighboring devices from multiple vendors
2. To assign IP addresses automatically
3. To prevent routing loops
4. To encrypt management sessions

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Link Layer Discovery Protocol, or LLDP, is an industry-standard Layer 2 discovery protocol that allows network devices to advertise information about themselves to directly connected neighbors. It can reveal information such as device identity, port details, system capabilities, and management addresses. Unlike CDP, which is Cisco proprietary, LLDP is designed for multivendor environments. LLDP does not provide DHCP services, prevent routing loops, or encrypt management sessions. It is particularly useful for documenting network topology and troubleshooting physical connectivity across equipment from different manufacturers.

Question 255

Which type of ACL identifies traffic primarily by its source IPv4 address?

1. Extended ACL
2. Standard ACL
3. Named extended ACL only
4. IPv6 ACL

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

A standard IPv4 ACL primarily filters traffic based on the source IPv4 address. Standard numbered ACLs commonly use numbers in the range 1–99 and 1300–1999. Because standard ACLs have limited matching criteria, administrators generally place them closer to the destination so that they do not unintentionally block traffic before it reaches other destinations. Extended ACLs provide more detailed filtering based on source and destination addresses, protocols, and port numbers. Understanding ACL capabilities and placement is important for implementing effective traffic-control policies.

Question 256

Which command can display the IP-to-MAC address mappings stored in a Cisco device’s ARP cache?

1. show mac address-table
2. show arp
3. show ip route
4. show neighbors

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The show arp command displays entries in the Cisco device’s ARP cache. These entries associate IPv4 addresses with corresponding MAC addresses and interfaces. ARP information is useful when troubleshooting local IPv4 connectivity because a device may have a correct IP route but still experience problems resolving the destination’s Layer 2 address. The MAC address table serves a different purpose by mapping MAC addresses to switch interfaces. The routing table shows Layer 3 paths, while neighbor commands may display information from other discovery mechanisms. The ARP cache is specifically concerned with IPv4-to-MAC resolution.

Question 257

Which technology allows a router to route between multiple VLANs using a single physical interface configured with subinterfaces?

1. Router-on-a-stick
2. EtherChannel
3. Port Security
4. DHCP Snooping

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Router-on-a-stick is an inter-VLAN routing design in which a single physical router interface is divided into multiple logical subinterfaces. Each subinterface is associated with a different VLAN and normally uses 802.1Q encapsulation. The switch port connected to the router is configured as a trunk so that traffic for multiple VLANs can traverse the single physical link. The router then routes traffic between the VLANs. This design can be useful for smaller networks, although a multilayer switch can provide more efficient inter-VLAN routing in larger environments.

Question 258

Which IPv6 address type is similar to private IPv4 addressing because it is intended for internal organizational use and is not globally routable?

1. Global unicast
2. Link-local
3. Unique local
4. Multicast

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

IPv6 Unique Local Addresses, or ULAs, are designed for internal addressing within organizations and are not intended to be globally routable on the public Internet. They use the FC00::/7 prefix, with commonly used locally assigned addresses coming from the FD00::/8 portion. ULAs can be useful for internal services that should not depend on globally routable addressing. Link-local addresses are limited to the local link, global unicast addresses are intended for broader routed communication, and multicast addresses identify groups of interfaces rather than individual internal hosts.

Question 259

Which command can be used to verify that an interface is configured as an access port and determine its VLAN assignment?

1. show interfaces switchport
2. show ip route
3. show spanning-tree summary
4. show cdp neighbors

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The show interfaces switchport command provides detailed Layer 2 switchport information. It can show whether an interface is operating as an access or trunk port, the configured administrative mode, the operational mode, the access VLAN, and the native VLAN where applicable. This makes it useful for troubleshooting VLAN and switchport configuration issues. The routing table does not provide switchport details, spanning-tree summary focuses on STP information, and CDP displays information about directly connected Cisco neighbors. show interfaces switchport is therefore valuable for verifying port configuration.

Question 260

Which wireless technology standard introduced support for higher throughput on the 5 GHz band and is commonly known as Wi-Fi 5?

1. 802.11a
2. 802.11n
3. 802.11ac
4. 802.11b

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

IEEE 802.11ac is commonly known as Wi-Fi 5 and primarily operates in the 5 GHz frequency band. It introduced improvements such as wider channel options, higher-order modulation, and multi-user capabilities that allow significantly higher throughput than earlier standards. IEEE 802.11n, commonly called Wi-Fi 4, operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. 802.11a was an earlier 5 GHz standard, while 802.11b operated in the 2.4 GHz band. Understanding common Wi-Fi generations helps when evaluating wireless capabilities and compatibility.