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Q61. Which command is used to verify the current OSPF neighbor relationships on a Cisco router?

1) show ip ospf database
2) show ip ospf neighbor
3) show ip route ospf
4) show ip protocols

Correct Answer: 2) show ip ospf neighbor

Explanation: The show ip ospf neighbor command displays the OSPF neighbors discovered by the router and provides important information about each adjacency. The output includes the neighbor router ID, priority, state, dead timer, interface address, and local interface. This command is especially useful when troubleshooting OSPF adjacency problems because it quickly shows whether neighbors have reached the FULL state. If an adjacency remains in a state such as INIT, EXSTART, or 2-WAY when FULL is expected, the administrator can investigate configuration mismatches, MTU problems, authentication, network types, or other connectivity issues.

Q62. What is the primary purpose of the OSPF router ID?

1) It determines the OSPF cost of an interface
2) It identifies an OSPF router uniquely within the OSPF domain
3) It determines the administrative distance of OSPF
4) It identifies the DR interface only

Correct Answer: 2) It identifies an OSPF router uniquely within the OSPF domain

Explanation: The OSPF router ID is a 32-bit value used to uniquely identify an OSPF router within an OSPF routing domain. It is commonly configured manually or selected automatically from a loopback interface or active interface address. The router ID is used in OSPF neighbor relationships, LSAs, and the SPF calculation process. A stable router ID is important because changing it can cause OSPF processes and adjacencies to be reset. Administrators often configure loopback interfaces as router IDs because loopbacks remain operational as long as the router itself is functioning.

Q63. Which EIGRP metric component is primarily used to calculate the composite metric by default?

1) Bandwidth and delay
2) MTU and reliability
3) Load and reliability
4) Delay and MTU

Correct Answer: 1) Bandwidth and delay

Explanation: By default, EIGRP calculates its composite metric using bandwidth and delay. Although EIGRP supports additional metric components such as reliability and load, the default K values assign zero weighting to those components. Therefore, bandwidth and delay are the primary factors in the standard EIGRP metric calculation. Bandwidth represents the minimum bandwidth along the path, while delay represents the cumulative delay. Understanding this behavior is important when manipulating EIGRP path selection. Simply changing interface bandwidth can influence route selection, but administrators should carefully consider the operational impact before modifying interface metric parameters.

Q64. What does the EIGRP feasible successor represent?

1) The neighbor with the highest router ID
2) A backup route that satisfies the feasibility condition
3) The route with the highest administrative distance
4) A route learned through redistribution only

Correct Answer: 2) A backup route that satisfies the feasibility condition

Explanation: An EIGRP feasible successor is a neighbor that provides a loop-free backup path to a destination. To qualify as a feasible successor, the neighbor’s reported distance must be less than the local feasible distance for that destination. This requirement is called the feasibility condition and helps EIGRP guarantee that the backup route does not create a routing loop. When the successor route becomes unavailable, EIGRP can immediately install a feasible successor without performing a new full route calculation. This feature contributes to EIGRP’s fast convergence and is particularly valuable in networks requiring reliable failover.

Q65. Which BGP attribute is normally used to influence outbound traffic from an autonomous system?

1) Local Preference
2) MED
3) Origin
4) AS_PATH length

Correct Answer: 1) Local Preference

Explanation: Local Preference is a BGP attribute used to influence the path selected for traffic leaving an autonomous system. It is propagated throughout the local AS and applies to routes learned from external BGP neighbors. A higher Local Preference value is preferred. Network administrators can therefore assign a higher Local Preference to routes received through a preferred ISP or WAN connection. This makes Local Preference particularly useful for controlling outbound traffic. By contrast, attributes such as MED are commonly used to influence how external autonomous systems enter the local AS, making Local Preference one of the most important outbound path-selection tools.

Q66. Which BGP command displays the BGP routing table on a Cisco IOS router?

1) show ip route bgp
2) show bgp summary
3) show ip bgp
4) show ip protocols bgp

Correct Answer: 3) show ip bgp

Explanation: The show ip bgp command displays the BGP routing table maintained by the router. It provides information such as network prefixes, next hops, path attributes, AS paths, and the best-path selection. This command is useful when troubleshooting BGP route selection and determining why a particular route has or has not been installed in the routing table. The show ip bgp summary command, in comparison, focuses primarily on BGP neighbor status and session statistics. Therefore, when an administrator needs detailed information about BGP routes and their attributes, show ip bgp is the appropriate command.

Q67. What is the main purpose of a BGP route reflector?

1) To replace all IGP routing
2) To eliminate the need for BGP authentication
3) To reduce the requirement for a full-mesh iBGP topology
4) To provide NAT services

Correct Answer: 3) To reduce the requirement for a full-mesh iBGP topology

Explanation: A BGP route reflector simplifies large iBGP networks by allowing selected routers to act as route reflectors. In a traditional iBGP design, routers within the same autonomous system generally need a full mesh of iBGP sessions because routes learned from one iBGP neighbor are not normally advertised to another iBGP neighbor. Route reflection relaxes this requirement. Clients establish iBGP sessions with the route reflector, which can then reflect routes between clients. This significantly reduces the number of required sessions and makes large BGP deployments easier to scale and manage.

Q68. Which MPLS L3VPN component uniquely identifies overlapping customer prefixes within a provider network?

1) Route Target
2) Route Distinguisher
3) MPLS EXP field
4) BGP community

Correct Answer: 2) Route Distinguisher

Explanation: A Route Distinguisher, or RD, makes customer VPN prefixes unique within the provider’s MP-BGP control plane. Different customers can use identical private IPv4 prefixes, such as 10.1.1.0/24, without creating conflicts because the RD converts them into unique VPNv4 prefixes. The RD is associated with a VRF and is not primarily responsible for determining which VPN sites can exchange routes. Route Targets perform that import and export function. Understanding the distinction between RD and RT is fundamental to troubleshooting MPLS Layer 3 VPN configurations and route propagation between provider-edge routers.

Q69. What is the primary function of a Route Target in an MPLS L3VPN?

1) Select the MPLS transport label
2) Identify the physical PE interface
3) Control VPN route import and export
4) Calculate OSPF cost

Correct Answer: 3) Control VPN route import and export

Explanation: Route Targets are extended BGP community values used to control the import and export of VPN routes between VRFs. When a PE router advertises a VPN route, an export Route Target can be attached to that route. Remote VRFs use import Route Target policies to determine which VPN routes should be installed. This mechanism allows service providers to create different VPN topologies, such as full mesh, hub-and-spoke, or shared-service designs. Route Targets should not be confused with Route Distinguishers. The RD provides uniqueness, while the RT controls the distribution of VPN routes among participating VRFs.

Q70. Which protocol is commonly used to distribute MPLS labels in a traditional MPLS network?

1) LDP
2) FTP
3) DHCP
4) SNMP

Correct Answer: 1) LDP

Explanation: Label Distribution Protocol, or LDP, is commonly used to distribute MPLS labels between routers. LDP establishes label bindings for network prefixes and allows routers to build label-switched paths based on the underlying IGP topology. In a traditional MPLS deployment, an IGP such as OSPF or IS-IS provides IP reachability while LDP distributes labels associated with those routes. This separation of responsibilities allows MPLS forwarding to operate efficiently. When troubleshooting MPLS connectivity, administrators commonly verify LDP neighbors, label bindings, and the underlying IGP because failures in any of these areas can affect label-switched forwarding.

Q71. Which DMVPN protocol provides the mechanism for registering a spoke’s tunnel address with the hub?

1) BGP
2) NHRP
3) LDP
4) OSPF

Correct Answer: 2) NHRP

Explanation: Next Hop Resolution Protocol, or NHRP, is a fundamental component of DMVPN. It allows spoke routers to register their tunnel addresses and associated NBMA addresses with the hub. NHRP also allows routers to discover the appropriate NBMA address for another DMVPN peer, enabling dynamic spoke-to-spoke tunnel establishment in supported DMVPN phases. Without NHRP, DMVPN would not have its dynamic address-resolution capability. During troubleshooting, commands such as show ip nhrp can help administrators verify registrations, mappings, and learned peers. Correct NHRP operation is therefore essential for successful DMVPN connectivity.

Q72. Which QoS mechanism provides strict priority treatment for delay-sensitive traffic such as voice?

1) CBWFQ
2) WRED
3) LLQ
4) FIFO

Correct Answer: 3) LLQ

Explanation: Low Latency Queuing, or LLQ, adds a strict priority queue to a Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing configuration. It is commonly used for delay-sensitive applications such as voice and certain real-time video traffic. During congestion, traffic in the priority queue receives preferential service so that delay and jitter can be minimized. However, the priority queue is normally configured with a bandwidth limit to prevent it from consuming all available interface bandwidth and starving other classes. LLQ is therefore particularly appropriate when an administrator needs predictable treatment for real-time traffic while still maintaining fair service for other applications.

Q73. What is the main difference between traffic shaping and traffic policing?

1) Shaping buffers excess traffic, while policing generally drops or remarks excess traffic
2) Policing always buffers traffic
3) Shaping can only be applied inbound
4) Policing requires MPLS

Correct Answer: 1) Shaping buffers excess traffic, while policing generally drops or remarks excess traffic

Explanation: Traffic shaping and policing both control traffic rates, but they handle excess traffic differently. Traffic shaping typically buffers packets that exceed the configured rate and releases them later when bandwidth becomes available. This smooths traffic over time and can reduce bursts. Policing, on the other hand, generally evaluates traffic against a configured rate and takes an action on traffic that exceeds the limit, such as dropping or remarking packets. Because shaping uses buffering, it introduces some delay and requires memory. Policing does not normally provide the same buffering behavior and is often used when strict rate enforcement is required.

Q74. Which NAT terminology describes the private address assigned to a host inside the local network?

1) Inside global
2) Outside global
3) Inside local
4) Outside local

Correct Answer: 3) Inside local

Explanation: In Cisco NAT terminology, the inside local address represents the private address assigned to a host on the internal network. It is the address used by the host before NAT translation occurs. The inside global address represents the translated address by which the internal host is identified to external networks. Outside local and outside global describe addresses associated with external hosts from different perspectives. Understanding these four NAT terms is important when troubleshooting translation problems. Commands such as show ip nat translations can be used to inspect active translations and determine how inside local addresses are being mapped.

Q75. Which command displays active NAT translations on a Cisco router?

1) show ip nat translations
2) show ip nat statistics only
3) show translations ip
4) show nat table

Correct Answer: 1) show ip nat translations

Explanation: The show ip nat translations command displays the NAT translation table currently maintained by the router. The output can show inside local, inside global, outside local, and outside global addresses, depending on the type of translation. It is one of the most useful commands for troubleshooting NAT because it confirms whether traffic is creating the expected translations. Administrators can compare the displayed entries with configured NAT rules, access lists, and interface roles. If translations are missing, the problem may involve matching criteria, interface configuration, routing, or the traffic itself rather than NAT translation alone.

Q76. Which IKEv2 component is responsible for establishing and maintaining IPsec security associations?

1) OSPF
2) IKEv2
3) NHRP
4) LDP

Correct Answer: 2) IKEv2

Explanation: Internet Key Exchange version 2, or IKEv2, is responsible for negotiating and maintaining the security associations used by IPsec. It authenticates peers, negotiates cryptographic parameters, and establishes the information required to protect IPsec traffic. Once the appropriate security associations are established, IPsec can use the negotiated parameters to encrypt and authenticate traffic. IKEv2 provides improvements over older IKE implementations, including more efficient exchanges and better support for reliability and mobility scenarios. When troubleshooting site-to-site VPNs, administrators commonly examine IKEv2 security associations and IPsec security associations separately to determine where negotiation is failing.

Q77. What is the purpose of route tagging when performing route redistribution?

1) To identify routes that have been redistributed and help prevent routing loops
2) To increase interface bandwidth
3) To encrypt routing updates
4) To replace administrative distance

Correct Answer: 1) To identify routes that have been redistributed and help prevent routing loops

Explanation: Route tagging allows administrators to mark routes as they are redistributed between routing protocols. The tag can later be matched in route maps or filtering policies to identify routes that originated from a particular redistribution process. This is particularly useful in environments where multiple routing protocols are redistributed into each other. Without appropriate filtering, a route could potentially be redistributed back into its original routing protocol, creating a routing loop or undesirable path. Tags provide a practical method for identifying redistributed routes and preventing them from being reintroduced into the wrong routing domain.

Q78. Which OSPF LSA type is used to describe networks within a normal area?

1) Type 1 only describes external routes
2) Type 5 describes router links within an area
3) Type 1 describes router links and Type 2 describes the transit network on a broadcast segment
4) Type 7 describes all internal networks

Correct Answer: 3) Type 1 describes router links and Type 2 describes the transit network on a broadcast segment

Explanation: OSPF Type 1 Router LSAs are generated by every OSPF router and describe the router’s links, interfaces, and associated OSPF information within an area. On broadcast and other multi-access networks, the designated router generates a Type 2 Network LSA to describe the multi-access segment and attached routers. These LSAs contribute to the area’s link-state database and SPF calculation. Type 5 LSAs are used for external routes, while Type 7 LSAs are associated with external routes in NSSA areas. Understanding LSA types helps administrators troubleshoot missing routes and unexpected OSPF database entries.

Q79. Which command is useful for verifying EIGRP neighbors?

1) show ip eigrp topology
2) show ip eigrp neighbors
3) show eigrp interfaces brief only
4) show ip bgp neighbors

Correct Answer: 2) show ip eigrp neighbors

Explanation: The show ip eigrp neighbors command displays information about EIGRP neighbor relationships. The output typically includes the address of each neighbor, the interface through which the neighbor is reachable, the hold time, uptime, and the EIGRP topology table sequence information. This command is an important first step when troubleshooting EIGRP adjacency problems. If an expected neighbor does not appear, administrators can investigate connectivity, AS numbers, K values, authentication, passive-interface settings, and interface configuration. A healthy EIGRP adjacency is necessary before routes can be exchanged successfully between the participating routers.

Q80. What is the purpose of a VRF on a Cisco router?

1) To create separate routing tables on the same physical router
2) To increase Ethernet frame size
3) To replace the global routing protocol
4) To provide only Layer 2 switching

Correct Answer: 1) To create separate routing tables on the same physical router

Explanation: Virtual Routing and Forwarding, or VRF, allows a single router to maintain multiple independent routing tables. Each VRF can contain its own interfaces, routes, and forwarding information, providing logical separation between different customers, departments, or services. VRFs are fundamental to MPLS Layer 3 VPN architectures because each customer can have an isolated routing table on the provider-edge router. The same IP prefix can exist in multiple VRFs without conflict. When troubleshooting VRF connectivity, administrators should verify interface-to-VRF assignment, routing entries within the correct VRF, and any required route import or export policies.