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Question 41

What protocol secures remote device management sessions?

1. Telnet
2. HTTP
3. Secure Shell
4. Simple Network Management Protocol

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

Secure Shell is a cryptographic network protocol designed for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. In enterprise networking environments, SSH is utilized as a secure replacement for legacy Telnet sessions when network administrators remotely log into routers, switches, and firewalls to execute command line configurations. Unlike Telnet, which transmits all authentication credentials, usernames, passwords, and command keystrokes in plain text across the network where they can be intercepted easily, SSH encrypts all transmitted data streams using advanced cryptographic algorithms. This ensures that sensitive management traffic remains completely private and protected against unauthorized eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks across both local and wide area networks.

Question 42

Which device connects disparate networks across long distances?

1. Layer 2 Switch
2. Network Hub
3. Router
4. Repeater

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

A router is a specialized networking device operating at Layer 3 of the OSI reference model, specifically the network layer. Its core responsibility is to examine incoming data packets, determine the optimal destination path using routing tables and dynamic routing protocols, and forward those packets toward their destination across interconnected networks. Unlike switches that operate within a single local area network to connect devices using hardware MAC addresses, routers bridge disparate networks together, manage traffic routing decisions, and implement security policies at network boundaries. This enables seamless, efficient, and secure enterprise communications across vast geographical distances and complex internetwork topologies.

Question 43

What is the default subnet mask for Class B?

1. 255.0.0.0
2. 255.255.0.0
3. 255.255.255.0
4. 255.255.255.255

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

In traditional classful IPv4 addressing, Class B networks are designated for medium to large-scale enterprise networks and utilize a default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. In binary representation, this corresponds to sixteen network bits followed by sixteen host bits. This mask indicates that the first two octets of the IP address identify the specific network segment, while the final two octets are available for host device identification. This configuration allows a maximum of 65,534 usable host IP addresses per network segment after reserving the network identifier and broadcast addresses, providing ample scalability for growing organizational departments and campus facilities.

Question 44

Which OSI layer handles physical media transmission?

1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The Physical layer, which is Layer 1 of the OSI reference model, is fundamentally responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw bit streams over a physical medium. It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications required to activate, maintain, and deactivate physical links between communicating network nodes. This layer encompasses cables, connectors, pinouts, voltage levels, optical wavelengths, radio frequencies, and hub hardware devices. By translating logical data frames into physical electrical pulses, light signals, or radio waves, the physical layer enables the actual movement of data across networking hardware infrastructure.

Question 45

What protocol translates names to IP addresses?

1. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
2. Domain Name System
3. Address Resolution Protocol
4. Simple Network Management Protocol

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The Domain Name System is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system used to translate human-readable fully qualified domain names into numerical IPv4 or IPv6 addresses required for network routing and host identification. Because remembering complex numerical IP addresses is impractical for human users, DNS servers map user-friendly names to their corresponding network addresses automatically. When a user enters a web address or application hostname into a system, a DNS query is dispatched to resolve the name into an actionable IP address, facilitating seamless communication across local area networks and the global internet infrastructure without manual intervention.

Question 46

Which IEEE standard governs wireless local area networks?

1. IEEE 802.3
2. IEEE 802.1Q
3. IEEE 802.11
4. IEEE 802.1X

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

The IEEE 802.11 standard family defines the physical layer and media access control specifications for wireless local area networks. Over decades of technological evolution, 802.11 has expanded to encompass numerous amendments providing increasing data throughput rates, enhanced security protocols, and advanced radio frequency management across the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz spectrum bands. In contrast, IEEE 802.3 governs wired Ethernet local area networks, IEEE 802.1Q specifies Virtual Local Area Network tagging on Ethernet frames, and IEEE 802.1X provides port-based network access control authentication mechanisms for enterprise environments.

Question 47

What command verifies interface status on Cisco devices?

1. show running-config
2. show ip interface brief
3. show ip route
4. show version

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The show ip interface brief command is one of the most frequently utilized diagnostic commands within the Cisco IOS command-line interface. When executed, it generates a concise summary table displaying all physical and logical interfaces on the device, their assigned IPv4 addresses, physical layer operational status, and data link protocol states. Network engineers rely on this command during initial deployments and troubleshooting procedures to verify whether ports are up or down, confirm IP address configurations, and rapidly identify interface failures or misconfigurations across routers and multilayer switches.

Question 48

Which switching method verifies frame check sequences?

1. Cut-through switching
2. Fragment-free switching
3. Store-and-forward switching
4. Direct-access switching

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

In store-and-forward switching, the switch receives the entire Ethernet frame into its internal memory buffer before taking any forwarding action. Once the complete frame is received, the switch performs a Cyclic Redundancy Check by analyzing the Frame Check Sequence trailer to verify frame integrity, checking for mathematical errors, corrupted bits, and runt frames. Only if the frame passes validation does the switch examine the destination MAC address, look up the forwarding table, and forward the frame out the appropriate egress port. This method ensures error-free transmission but introduces slightly higher latency than cut-through methods.

Question 49

What is the primary purpose of subnet masks?

1. Encrypting payload data across insecure wireless links.
2. Identifying network and host portions of an IP address.
3. Automatically assigning dynamic IP addresses to workstations.
4. Translating private internal IP addresses into public addresses.

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

An IPv4 subnet mask is a 32-bit number paired with an IP address to divide that address into two specific components: the network identifier and the host identifier. By utilizing contiguous binary ones to represent the network portion and binary zeros to represent the host portion, the subnet mask enables routers and participating hosts to determine whether a destination IP address resides on the local network segment or requires routing through an external gateway. This logical boundary definition is essential for efficient packet forwarding, local broadcast identification, and structured IP address management across enterprise networks.

Question 50

Which routing protocol uses bandwidth and delay metrics?

1. Routing Information Protocol
2. Open Shortest Path First
3. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
4. Border Gateway Protocol

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

The Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is an advanced distance-vector routing protocol developed by Cisco that utilizes a sophisticated composite metric to determine the optimal path to a destination network. Unlike the Routing Information Protocol, which relies strictly on hop count, EIGRP calculates its composite metric based on configurable parameters including bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load, with bandwidth and cumulative delay serving as the default operational components by design. This multi-parameter metric calculation allows EIGRP to select superior, highly efficient paths across complex enterprise network topologies and achieve rapid convergence times.

Question 51

What type of address is fe80::1?

1. Global Unicast Address
2. Unique Local Address
3. Link-Local Address
4. Anycast Address

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

An IPv6 Link-Local Address is automatically configured on all IPv6-enabled interfaces as soon as the protocol is initialized, utilizing the reserved prefix fe80::/10. Link-local addresses are strictly non-routable, meaning routers will never forward packets containing link-local source or destination addresses outside the local network segment. These addresses are essential for fundamental neighbor discovery, router solicitation, and basic local communication between neighboring nodes on the exact same physical or logical link before global or unique local addressing is established, ensuring local connectivity.

Question 52

Which protocol dynamically assigns network parameters to hosts?

1. Domain Name System
2. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
3. Address Resolution Protocol
4. Simple Network Management Protocol

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network management protocol used to automate the configuration of client devices connected to an IP network. Instead of manually assigning static IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways, and DNS server addresses to every individual workstation, a DHCP server leases these configuration parameters dynamically from a predefined address pool. This eliminates manual configuration errors, optimizes IP address utilization through temporary lease expirations, and simplifies network administration across enterprise environments, allowing seamless client onboarding and mobility.

Question 53

What is the administrative distance of OSPF?

1. 1
2. 90
3. 110
4. 120

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

Administrative distance represents the trustworthiness or preference level of a routing information source, where lower values indicate higher reliability in route selection. In Cisco IOS routing architecture, Open Shortest Path First is assigned a default administrative distance of 110. This value positions OSPF as more preferred than Routing Information Protocol, which holds an administrative distance of 120, but less preferred than Internal EIGRP at 90 or static routes at 1. Understanding these default values is crucial for network engineers designing redundant routing architectures, multi-protocol migrations, and path manipulation strategies.

Question 54

Which TCP flag indicates connection termination?

1. SYN
2. ACK
3. FIN
4. RST

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

The Finish flag is utilized within the Transmission Control Protocol header to initiate the graceful teardown and termination of an established connection between two communicating network hosts. When a host has completed data transmission and wishes to close the session, it sends a segment containing the FIN flag. The receiving host acknowledges the termination request and eventually transmits its own FIN segment to close the reverse data stream. Once both directions of the connection are acknowledged and closed, the session resources are released, ensuring reliable and orderly communication cleanup.

Question 55

What device operates at Layer 1 and multiplies signals?

1. Layer 2 Switch
2. Router
3. Network Hub
4. Multilayer Switch

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

A traditional network hub operates strictly at Layer 1, the physical layer of the OSI model. When a hub receives an electrical or optical signal on one of its ports, it simply regenerates that signal and broadcasts it out all other active ports without examining header information, MAC addresses, or packet contents. Because hubs do not filter traffic or establish separate collision domains, all connected devices share a single collision domain and a single broadcast domain, leading to increased contention, potential frame collisions, and performance degradation in busy network environments.

Question 56

Which cable type resists electrical interference entirely?

1. Unshielded Twisted Pair
2. Shielded Twisted Pair
3. Coaxial Cable
4. Fiber Optic Cable

Correct Answer: 4

Explanation:

A fiber optic cable consists of one or more extremely thin strands of glass or plastic fiber encased in protective cladding and outer jackets. Data is transmitted across fiber optic cables as pulses of light generated by lasers or light-emitting diodes. Because optical transmission relies entirely on light rather than electrical current, fiber optic cables are completely immune to electromagnetic interference and radio frequency interference generated by power lines, motors, or fluorescent lighting. They support significantly higher bandwidth capacities and much longer transmission distance limitations compared to copper-based media.

Question 57

What is the maximum transmission unit of standard Ethernet?

1. 576 bytes
2. 1500 bytes
3. 4096 bytes
4. 9000 bytes

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The Maximum Transmission Unit defines the largest protocol data unit that can be passed safely down through the protocol stack across a physical network medium without requiring fragmentation. For standard Ethernet implementations defined by IEEE 802.3, the default MTU size is 1500 bytes for the payload data field, excluding the 14-byte Ethernet header and 4-byte frame check sequence trailer. If an upper-layer packet exceeds this 1500-byte limit, routers or hosts must either fragment the packet into smaller segments or utilize specialized jumbo frames configured across supported switch infrastructure.

Question 58

Which protocol reports network error conditions?

1. Address Resolution Protocol
2. Internet Control Message Protocol
3. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
4. Transmission Control Protocol

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The Internet Control Message Protocol is a core auxiliary protocol utilized within the Internet Protocol suite for diagnostic, error reporting, and operational testing purposes. Network engineers and automated systems rely on ICMP echo request and reply messages to test connectivity, while ICMP error reporting messages are generated automatically by routers and hosts when packet delivery fails. Examples include destination unreachable alerts, time exceeded notifications for expired TTL counters, and source quench messages, providing vital feedback for troubleshooting and maintaining healthy network operations.

Question 59

What command displays the active configuration in RAM?

1. show startup-config
2. show running-config
3. show version
4. show flash

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The show running-config command is an essential diagnostic and verification command executed in privileged EXEC mode within the Cisco IOS command-line interface. It displays the complete configuration file currently residing in the device’s random-access memory, representing all active parameters, interface assignments, routing protocols, access control lists, and security settings currently governing device operations. Network engineers examine the running configuration to verify recent changes before saving them to non-volatile random-access memory using the write memory or copy running-config startup-config commands.

Question 60

Which networking device maps MAC addresses to ports?

1. Network Hub
2. Layer 2 Switch
3. Edge Router
4. Passive Patch Panel

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

A Layer 2 switch operates at the Data Link layer of the OSI model and makes forwarding decisions based exclusively on hardware Media Access Control addresses embedded within Ethernet frames. As frames traverse switch ports, the device examines the source MAC address and records it along with the receiving port number in its Content Addressable Memory table. This dynamic mapping allows the switch to build an accurate port-to-MAC association database, ensuring that subsequent unicast frames destined for a specific hardware address are forwarded exclusively out the targeted port rather than flooded across the entire network infrastructure.