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Question 301

Which EIGRP command displays the IP addresses and hold timers of neighboring routers?

1. show ip eigrp topology
2. show ip eigrp interfaces
3. show ip eigrp neighbors
4. show ip route eigrp

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The show ip eigrp neighbors command displays information about EIGRP neighbor relationships. The output typically includes the neighboring router’s address, interface through which the neighbor is reachable, hold time, uptime, and the EIGRP sequence information. This command is particularly useful when troubleshooting adjacency problems because it confirms whether expected EIGRP peers have been discovered. The topology command provides routing-path information, while the interfaces command focuses on EIGRP operation on local interfaces. The routing-table command displays routes installed in the IP routing table. If an expected EIGRP neighbor does not appear, connectivity, AS number, K-values, timers, authentication, or interface configuration should be investigated.

Question 302

Which BGP attribute is normally used to select the preferred exit point from an autonomous system?

1. Local Preference
2. MED
3. Origin
4. AS Path

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Local Preference is commonly used to influence the preferred exit point from an autonomous system. A higher Local Preference value is normally preferred during BGP best-path selection. Because Local Preference is propagated through iBGP, administrators can apply an outbound routing policy across multiple routers within the same autonomous system. For example, an organization with two Internet connections can assign a higher Local Preference to routes learned through its preferred provider. Weight can also influence path selection on Cisco routers, but it is local to an individual router. MED is generally used to influence how another autonomous system chooses an entry point.

Question 303

Which OSPF LSA type describes the links and networks directly connected to an OSPF router?

1. Type 4
2. Type 1
3. Type 5
4. Type 3

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

A Type 1 Router LSA is generated by every OSPF router within an area. It describes the router’s links, connected networks, and relevant OSPF link information. These LSAs are flooded throughout the originating area and form an important part of the link-state database used by the SPF algorithm. Type 2 LSAs represent multiaccess networks and are generated by DRs. Type 3 LSAs advertise inter-area networks, Type 4 LSAs provide reachability information toward ASBRs, and Type 5 LSAs advertise external routes. When troubleshooting OSPF topology information, examining Type 1 LSAs can reveal how individual routers describe their local connections.

Question 304

Which EIGRP metric component represents the accumulated delay across all interfaces in a path?

1. Bandwidth
2. Load
3. Delay
4. Reliability

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

EIGRP accumulates interface delay values along the entire path to calculate the delay component of its composite metric. Unlike bandwidth, which uses the minimum bandwidth along the path, delay is cumulative. This means that every interface contributing to the route adds its configured delay value. By default, EIGRP uses bandwidth and delay as the primary components of the composite metric. Reliability and load can also be included if the appropriate K-values are configured, although the default K-values do not use them. Understanding cumulative delay is important when comparing EIGRP paths because a route with several high-delay links can have a worse metric even when its bandwidth is relatively good.

Question 305

Which BGP attribute is generally preferred when the AS Path is shorter?

1. Origin
2. MED
3. AS Path
4. Weight

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

BGP generally prefers a shorter AS Path when comparing otherwise suitable routes at that stage of the best-path selection process. The AS Path records the autonomous systems through which the route advertisement has traveled. A shorter path is commonly considered preferable because it represents fewer autonomous-system hops. AS Path also performs an important loop-prevention function because a router normally rejects a route if its own AS number appears in the path. However, AS Path is not always the first factor considered because attributes such as Cisco Weight and Local Preference are evaluated earlier. Routing policies can also influence which path ultimately becomes the best path.

Question 306

Which OSPF state is normally reached when a router has received a Hello packet from a neighbor but has not yet seen its own Router ID in the neighbor’s Hello?

1. Init
2. Full
3. Exchange
4. Loading

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The Init state occurs when an OSPF router receives a valid Hello packet from a neighbor but has not yet confirmed two-way communication. A router determines two-way communication when it sees its own Router ID listed in the neighbor’s Hello packet. After that, the relationship can progress to 2-Way. On networks requiring full adjacency, additional states such as ExStart, Exchange, Loading, and Full follow. The Init state is therefore useful when diagnosing one-way communication or Hello-related problems. Possible causes include filtering, incorrect network connectivity, incompatible parameters, or situations where Hello packets are reaching one router but not successfully being acknowledged in both directions.

Question 307

Which EIGRP table records the routers with which an EIGRP router has formed adjacencies?

1. Routing table
2. Neighbor table
3. Topology table
4. ARP table

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The EIGRP neighbor table records the routers with which the local router has established EIGRP adjacencies. It stores information such as neighbor addresses, interfaces, hold timers, uptime, and sequence-related information. The neighbor table is different from the topology table, which contains route information learned through EIGRP. The IP routing table contains routes selected for forwarding, while the ARP table maps IPv4 addresses to Layer 2 addresses. Administrators commonly use show ip eigrp neighbors to verify EIGRP adjacency formation. If a neighbor is missing, the administrator should check interface configuration, connectivity, autonomous-system numbers, authentication, timers, and other EIGRP parameters.

Question 308

Which BGP attribute is Cisco-specific and has the highest preference when comparing routes on a Cisco router?

1. Weight
2. MED
3. Local Preference
4. Origin

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Weight is a Cisco-specific BGP attribute and is evaluated before Local Preference in Cisco’s BGP best-path selection process. A higher Weight is preferred. Because Weight is locally significant, changing it on one router does not automatically influence other BGP routers. This makes it useful when an administrator wants a particular Cisco router to prefer one path without changing the routing policy for the entire autonomous system. Local Preference is propagated through iBGP and is generally used for AS-wide outbound traffic policy. MED and Origin are evaluated later in the selection process. Weight is therefore an important attribute when implementing router-specific BGP preferences.

Question 309

Which OSPF LSA type is used by an ASBR to advertise external routes into the OSPF autonomous system?

1. Type 2
2. Type 3
3. Type 5
4. Type 4

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Type 5 AS External LSAs are generated by an ASBR when routes from another routing source are redistributed into OSPF. These LSAs describe external destinations and are normally flooded throughout the OSPF autonomous system, except in area types that restrict external LSAs. A Type 4 LSA provides information about how to reach an ASBR located in another area. Type 3 LSAs advertise inter-area networks, while Type 2 LSAs represent multiaccess networks. Understanding the relationship between Type 4 and Type 5 LSAs is especially important when troubleshooting redistributed routes that must cross multiple OSPF areas.

Question 310

Which EIGRP feature allows a router to advertise a summarized route instead of multiple more-specific routes?

1. Variance
2. Manual summarization
3. Feasible successor
4. Split horizon

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

EIGRP supports manual route summarization, allowing an administrator to advertise a summarized prefix instead of multiple more-specific routes. Summarization can reduce the size of routing tables, decrease routing-update traffic, and limit the propagation of topology changes. It can also help reduce EIGRP query scope and improve network scalability. Summarization is configured on an interface participating in EIGRP. Variance is used for unequal-cost load balancing, while a feasible successor is an alternate loop-free path. Split horizon prevents routes from being advertised back through the interface from which they were learned. Manual summarization is therefore a useful EIGRP scalability and convergence feature.

Question 311

Which BGP message communicates newly learned routes and route withdrawals?

1. Open
2. Keepalive
3. Notification
4. Update

Correct Answer: 4

Explanation

BGP Update messages are used to advertise new routes, modify routing information, and withdraw previously advertised routes. An Update can contain Network Layer Reachability Information along with path attributes such as AS Path, Next Hop, Origin, and other attributes. Open messages establish the BGP session and negotiate parameters, while Keepalive messages maintain the established session. Notification messages report serious BGP errors and generally cause the session to terminate. Update messages are therefore central to BGP’s route-exchange function. When troubleshooting missing prefixes, administrators often examine inbound and outbound policy, next-hop reachability, filtering, and the BGP table to determine why expected Updates are not being accepted.

Question 312

Which OSPF command displays the contents of the link-state database?

1. show ip ospf database
2. show ip ospf neighbor
3. show ip route ospf
4. show ip ospf interface

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The show ip ospf database command displays information contained in the OSPF link-state database. The output can include Router LSAs, Network LSAs, Summary LSAs, ASBR Summary LSAs, and external LSAs depending on the router’s role and OSPF configuration. This command is especially useful for verifying whether expected LSAs have been generated and flooded. The neighbor command focuses on adjacency states, while show ip route ospf displays OSPF routes installed in the routing table. Examining the LSDB can help identify missing LSAs, incorrect area information, redistribution issues, or unexpected topology information during OSPF troubleshooting.

Question 313

Which EIGRP packet is sent in response to an EIGRP Query?

1. Update
2. Reply
3. Hello
4. Acknowledgment

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

EIGRP Reply packets are sent in response to Query packets. When an EIGRP router loses a successor and has no feasible successor, it can enter an active state and send Queries to neighbors asking whether they have a valid route to the destination. Neighboring routers respond with Reply packets containing route information or indicating that they do not have a usable path. Reliable delivery is used for these control messages. Hello packets maintain neighbor relationships, while Updates advertise routing information and acknowledgments confirm receipt of reliable packets. Understanding Query and Reply behavior is important when troubleshooting EIGRP convergence and excessive query propagation.

Question 314

Which BGP attribute is used to identify the autonomous systems a route has traversed?

1. Origin
2. MED
3. AS Path
4. Local Preference

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The AS Path attribute records the sequence of autonomous systems through which a BGP route advertisement has traveled. Each eBGP router normally adds its own AS number when advertising a route to another autonomous system. Besides participating in best-path selection, AS Path provides an important loop-prevention mechanism. If a router detects its own AS number in a received path, it normally rejects the route. A shorter AS Path is generally preferred when earlier BGP attributes are equal. Origin identifies how the route entered BGP, MED can influence entry-point selection, and Local Preference influences outbound policy within an autonomous system.

Question 315

Which OSPF area is the backbone area to which other OSPF areas normally connect?

1. Area 1
2. Area 0
3. Area 10
4. Area 100

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

OSPF Area 0 is the backbone area and provides the logical core through which inter-area routing normally occurs. Other OSPF areas are expected to connect to the backbone, and ABRs use Area 0 to exchange inter-area routing information. This hierarchical design helps OSPF scale by limiting detailed link-state information to individual areas. In some designs, virtual links can provide logical connectivity to the backbone when a direct physical or logical connection is not available. Areas can have different characteristics, such as normal, stub, totally stubby, or NSSA behavior. Area 0 remains the central component of standard multi-area OSPF architecture.

Question 316

Which EIGRP value is advertised by a neighboring router to describe its metric to a destination?

1. Reported Distance
2. Feasible Distance
3. Administrative Distance
4. Composite Distance

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Reported Distance, also called Advertised Distance, is the metric that an EIGRP neighbor reports for reaching a destination. The local router uses this value together with its own calculated metric to determine the Feasible Distance and evaluate whether an alternate route satisfies the feasibility condition. If the neighbor’s Reported Distance is lower than the local Feasible Distance, the route can qualify as a feasible successor. Administrative Distance is unrelated to this EIGRP path calculation and instead compares routing sources. Understanding Reported Distance is particularly important when examining the EIGRP topology table and determining why an alternate path is or is not considered loop-free.

Question 317

Which BGP state indicates that the router is attempting to establish a TCP connection with its peer?

1. Established
2. Active
3. OpenConfirm
4. Idle

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The Active BGP state indicates that the router is attempting to establish a TCP connection with its configured peer or is retrying the connection process. BGP uses TCP port 179 for its sessions. If the TCP connection is successfully established, the routers proceed through the BGP state machine by exchanging Open messages and eventually reaching Established. Idle represents the initial or inactive state, while OpenConfirm occurs later after the Open message exchange. Established is the operational state in which routing information can be exchanged. When a BGP session remains in Active, administrators should investigate IP connectivity, TCP port 179 filtering, neighbor configuration, and routing reachability.

Question 318

Which OSPF packet carries complete LSAs requested by neighboring routers?

1. Hello
2. Database Description
3. Link-State Update
4. Link-State Request

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Link-State Update packets carry LSAs and are used to distribute complete link-state information to OSPF neighbors. When a router receives a Link-State Request for information that it does not have or needs to refresh, it responds with the appropriate LSAs inside Link-State Update packets. Database Description packets summarize the LSDB during adjacency establishment, while Link-State Request packets ask for specific LSAs. Hello packets are used for neighbor discovery and maintenance. Link-State Updates are therefore central to OSPF database synchronization and flooding. Problems involving missing or outdated LSAs can often be investigated by examining OSPF neighbor states and the link-state database.

Question 319

Which EIGRP mechanism prevents a router from advertising a route back through the same interface from which it was learned?

1. Variance
2. Split horizon
3. Route summarization
4. Stub routing

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

EIGRP split horizon prevents a router from advertising a route back through the same interface from which that route was originally learned. This behavior helps prevent routing loops and unnecessary routing information. Split horizon is particularly relevant on networks where multiple routers exchange EIGRP updates through shared or logical interfaces. It should not be confused with route summarization, which reduces the number of advertised prefixes. Stub routing limits the routes a router advertises and reduces query scope, while variance enables unequal-cost load balancing. When troubleshooting unexpected EIGRP advertisements, administrators should consider split-horizon behavior along with route filtering, summarization, and redistribution.

Question 320

Which BGP attribute has the Origin value IGP when a route is commonly introduced using a BGP network statement?

1. MED
2. AS Path
3. Local Preference
4. Origin

Correct Answer: 4

Explanation

The BGP Origin attribute identifies how a route was introduced into BGP. A route commonly originated using the BGP network command has an Origin value of IGP, represented by the code i in Cisco BGP output. Routes introduced through redistribution commonly receive an Incomplete origin. During BGP best-path selection, IGP Origin is generally preferred over EGP, and EGP is preferred over Incomplete. The Origin attribute is different from AS Path, which identifies autonomous systems traversed, and Local Preference, which influences outbound routing policy. Understanding Origin codes is useful when comparing multiple BGP paths and determining why one route is selected over another.