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Question: 61. Which Junos command is commonly used to display detailed information about a specific interface?

1. show route
   2. show interfaces
   3. show bgp summary
   4. show chassis alarms

Correct Answer: 2. show interfaces

Explanation:

The show interfaces command provides detailed operational information about interfaces on a Junos device. Depending on the interface and options used, the output can include administrative and operational status, traffic statistics, errors, encapsulation, addressing, MTU, and other interface-specific information. This makes the command valuable when troubleshooting connectivity or physical and logical interface problems. show interfaces terse provides a more compact overview, while show route focuses on routing information and show bgp summary focuses on BGP sessions. Interface details should often be checked early when investigating a connectivity problem.

Question: 62. Which OSPF LSA type is generated by an ABR to advertise networks from one OSPF area into another?

1. Type 2
   2. Type 5
   3. Type 1
   4. Type 3

Correct Answer: 4. Type 3

Explanation:

Type 3 LSAs, known as Summary LSAs, are generated by OSPF Area Border Routers to advertise network reachability between OSPF areas. They allow routers in one area to learn about destinations located in another area without requiring the complete link-state database of that remote area. Type 1 LSAs describe individual routers within an area, while Type 2 LSAs describe broadcast or NBMA network segments. Type 5 LSAs represent external routes redistributed into OSPF. Understanding the different LSA types helps administrators determine how routes are being learned and propagated through an OSPF hierarchy.

Question: 63. Which Junos command can be used to verify the committed configuration and compare it with the candidate configuration before committing?

1. show | compare
   2. show route terse
   3. show arp no-resolve
   4. show system uptime

Correct Answer: 1. show | compare

Explanation:

The show | compare command is useful in Junos configuration mode for displaying differences between the candidate configuration and the currently committed configuration. It allows an administrator to review pending additions, modifications, and deletions before activating them. This is an important part of controlled configuration management because it provides an opportunity to identify unintended changes. Commands such as show route and show arp display operational information rather than configuration differences. Reviewing the candidate configuration before a commit can reduce the risk of accidentally changing unrelated interfaces, routing policies, or services.

Question: 64. Which protocol uses UDP port 520 by default for traditional IPv4 RIP communication?

1. OSPF
   2. BGP
   3. RIP
   4. IS-IS

Correct Answer: 3. RIP

Explanation:

Routing Information Protocol traditionally uses UDP port 520 for IPv4 RIP communication. RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol that exchanges routing information with neighboring routers and uses hop count as its primary metric. OSPF does not use UDP or TCP; it runs directly over IP. BGP uses TCP port 179, while IS-IS operates directly at the data-link layer. Knowing protocol transport characteristics can help troubleshoot firewall filters and connectivity problems. If RIP updates are not being exchanged, checking the appropriate interface configuration, routing process, and filtering behavior is important.

Question: 65. What is the primary function of a default route?

1. Identify every directly connected host
   2. Provide a route when no more-specific destination route exists
   3. Replace all dynamic routing protocols
   4. Assign default DNS servers to clients

Correct Answer: 2. Provide a route when no more-specific destination route exists

Explanation:

A default route provides a fallback forwarding path when the routing table does not contain a more-specific route for the destination. In IPv4, the common default route is 0.0.0.0/0, while IPv6 uses ::/0. A router can use the default route to forward traffic toward an upstream provider or another routing domain. The default route does not identify every directly connected host and does not replace dynamic routing protocols in general. It also has no direct role in assigning DNS information to clients. Proper default-route configuration is especially important at network edges.

Question: 66. Which Junos routing protocol is commonly used as a link-state IGP in large service-provider networks and supports a Level 1/Level 2 hierarchy?

1. RIP
   2. BGP
   3. VRRP
   4. IS-IS

Correct Answer: 4. IS-IS

Explanation:

IS-IS is a link-state interior gateway protocol that uses Level 1 and Level 2 routing to provide hierarchical network operation. Level 1 routing handles destinations within an area, while Level 2 routing provides connectivity between areas. Its scalability and protocol design have made IS-IS widely used in service-provider environments. BGP is an exterior gateway protocol, RIP is a distance-vector protocol, and VRRP provides first-hop gateway redundancy rather than routing-domain topology calculation. When studying Junos routing, understanding IS-IS levels, adjacencies, link-state databases, and route installation is important for troubleshooting large routed networks.

Question: 67. Which BGP attribute is generally used to influence how traffic enters an autonomous system when multiple links exist to the same neighboring AS?

1. MED
   2. Local preference
   3. Router ID
   4. Origin

Correct Answer: 1. MED

Explanation:

The Multi-Exit Discriminator, or MED, is commonly used to suggest a preferred entry point into an autonomous system when multiple links connect that AS to the same neighboring autonomous system. A lower MED is generally preferred when comparing otherwise eligible routes from the same neighboring AS. MED is therefore commonly associated with influencing inbound traffic. Local preference serves a different purpose and is primarily used within an AS to influence outbound traffic. Router ID and origin are also part of BGP processing but do not provide the same traffic-engineering function as MED.

Question: 68. Which IPv6 address type is intended for communication with a group of receivers?

1. Link-local
   2. Global unicast
   3. Multicast
   4. Loopback

Correct Answer: 3. Multicast

Explanation:

IPv6 multicast addresses identify groups of interfaces rather than a single interface. Packets sent to a multicast address can be delivered to multiple interested receivers that have joined the corresponding multicast group. IPv6 multicast addresses use the FF00::/8 range. Link-local addresses are intended for communication on the local link, global unicast addresses provide routable unicast communication, and the loopback address identifies the local host itself. IPv6 relies heavily on multicast for control functions such as Neighbor Discovery, making an understanding of multicast addressing important when troubleshooting IPv6 networks.

Question: 69. Which Junos command can be used to display system alarms?

1. show system alarms
   2. show route
   3. show ospf database
   4. show ethernet-switching table

Correct Answer: 1. show system alarms

Explanation:

The show system alarms command displays active system alarms on a Junos device. These alarms can indicate hardware, environmental, or other system conditions that may require administrator attention. Checking system alarms is useful when investigating unexpected device behavior, especially when hardware or environmental issues may be involved. Routing commands provide information about network reachability, while Ethernet-switching and OSPF commands focus on Layer 2 and routing operations. A systematic troubleshooting process should consider both network configuration and device health, making system-alarm information an important operational resource.

Question: 70. Which OSPF network type commonly uses a designated router and backup designated router on an Ethernet segment?

1. Point-to-point
   2. Broadcast
   3. Loopback
   4. Passive

Correct Answer: 2. Broadcast

Explanation:

Ethernet networks are commonly treated as broadcast OSPF networks. On such networks, OSPF can elect a designated router and backup designated router to reduce the number of full adjacencies required between all participating routers. The DR represents the multiaccess segment in the OSPF topology and helps coordinate link-state flooding. Point-to-point links generally do not require DR or BDR elections because only two routers participate in the link. Loopback interfaces and passive interfaces have different purposes and do not represent the same OSPF network type behavior. Correct network-type configuration is important for stable OSPF adjacencies.

Question: 71. What is the primary purpose of a BGP route reflector client relationship?

1. Provide IPv6 address autoconfiguration
   2. Reduce the number of required iBGP sessions
   3. Increase Ethernet MTU
   4. Replace OSPF hello packets

Correct Answer: 2. Reduce the number of required iBGP sessions

Explanation:

A BGP route reflector reduces the need for a full mesh of iBGP sessions by allowing selected routers to act as route reflectors for client routers. The reflector can receive eligible routes from clients and reflect them to other clients or non-client peers according to BGP rules. This improves scalability in networks with many internal BGP speakers. Route reflection does not provide IPv6 address configuration, change Ethernet MTU, or replace OSPF Hello messages. When designing route-reflector topologies, administrators must understand cluster identifiers, client relationships, and route-reflection behavior.

Question: 72. Which Junos command is useful for displaying the routes learned through a particular routing protocol?

1. show chassis hardware
   2. show interfaces terse
   3. show route protocol
   4. show system users

Correct Answer: 3. show route protocol

Explanation:

The show route protocol command can be used to filter routing-table information based on the protocol that installed the route. For example, an administrator can examine routes learned through OSPF, BGP, IS-IS, or another supported protocol. This is useful when troubleshooting route learning and determining whether a particular routing process is contributing routes to the routing table. Interface commands provide interface status, chassis commands provide hardware information, and system-user commands show login information. Filtering the routing table by protocol can make troubleshooting much faster when a device has many routes.

Question: 73. Which BGP attribute identifies the origin of a route and is considered during BGP path selection?

1. Origin
   2. Local preference
   3. MED
   4. Community

Correct Answer: 1. Origin

Explanation:

The BGP Origin attribute identifies how a route was introduced into BGP and is considered during route selection. The traditional origin codes include IGP, EGP, and incomplete, with IGP generally preferred over EGP and incomplete in the relevant comparison. Local preference, MED, and community have different roles in BGP policy and path selection. Communities are commonly used as policy tags rather than being a direct path-selection attribute in the same manner as origin. Understanding BGP attributes helps explain why one route is selected over another and how routing policies can influence that selection.

Question: 74. Which Junos configuration statement is used to define a static route?

1. protocols ospf area
   2. routing-options static route
   3. protocols bgp group
   4. interfaces ge-0/0/0 unit

Correct Answer: 2. routing-options static route

Explanation:

Static routes in Junos are configured under the routing-options hierarchy using the static route configuration. A static route specifies a destination prefix and an appropriate next hop or other supported forwarding behavior. Static routing is useful for simple topologies, default routes, backup paths, or specific destinations that should not be learned dynamically. OSPF and BGP configurations belong under their respective protocol hierarchies, while interface addressing and logical-unit configuration belong under the interfaces hierarchy. Static routes should be reviewed carefully because incorrect next-hop or prefix configuration can create black holes or unintended forwarding behavior.

Question: 75. Which OSPF state indicates that two routers have successfully exchanged their link-state databases and formed a full adjacency?

1. Init
   2. ExStart
   3. 2-Way
   4. Full

Correct Answer: 4. Full

Explanation:

The OSPF Full state indicates that two routers have completed database synchronization and have established a full adjacency. At this stage, the routers have exchanged the necessary link-state information and can maintain synchronized link-state databases. Other states represent earlier stages of neighbor establishment. For example, Init indicates that a Hello has been received but bidirectional communication has not yet been confirmed, while ExStart is associated with negotiating database synchronization. On broadcast networks, some routers may remain in 2-Way with other non-DR neighbors by design. Therefore, the expected final state depends on the network type and adjacency relationship.

Question: 76. What is the main purpose of a routing policy term in Junos?

1. Define matching conditions and actions for routes
   2. Configure the physical speed of an interface
   3. Establish a TCP connection to a BGP peer
   4. Create a new Ethernet VLAN automatically

Correct Answer: 1. Define matching conditions and actions for routes

Explanation:

A Junos routing policy is organized into terms that generally contain match conditions and actions. Match conditions determine which routes are affected, while actions specify what should happen to matching routes. Policies can accept or reject routes and can modify attributes such as local preference, communities, or other supported route properties. This makes routing policies a powerful mechanism for controlling route import, export, redistribution, and traffic engineering. Interface speed, BGP session establishment, and VLAN creation are handled through other configuration mechanisms. Understanding policy structure is essential when analyzing complex route advertisements.

Question: 77. Which protocol is responsible for resolving an IPv4 address to a Layer 2 MAC address on a local Ethernet network?

1. ARP
   2. DHCP
   3. DNS
   4. ICMP

Correct Answer: 1. ARP

Explanation:

Address Resolution Protocol, or ARP, resolves an IPv4 address to the corresponding Layer 2 MAC address on a local network. When an IPv4 host needs to send traffic to a destination on the same Ethernet segment, it can use an ARP request to determine the destination’s MAC address. The resulting mapping can be stored in the ARP cache for future use. DHCP provides IP configuration, DNS resolves names to addresses, and ICMP supports diagnostic and control messaging. ARP is therefore a fundamental part of IPv4 communication across Ethernet networks.

Question: 78. Which Junos feature allows a static route to have a different preference so it can act as a backup path?

1. Route reflection
   2. Qualified next hop
   3. Routing policy
   4. VRRP

Correct Answer: 2. Qualified next hop

Explanation:

A qualified next hop can be used with a static route to provide additional next-hop characteristics, including a preference that can make one path less preferred than another. This can support backup-path designs where a primary route is normally selected and a secondary route becomes active when the primary route is unavailable or no longer preferred. Routing policies perform broader route-processing functions, while VRRP provides gateway redundancy and route reflection addresses iBGP scalability. Static-route backup designs should also consider route tracking or other mechanisms where appropriate so that failure detection accurately reflects the actual reachability of the preferred path.

Question: 79. Which IPv6 address is the loopback address?

1. FE80::1
   2. FF02::1
   3. ::1
   4. 2001:db8::1

Correct Answer: 3. ::1

Explanation:

The IPv6 loopback address is ::1. It identifies the local host and is used when a device needs to send traffic to itself for testing or local communication. It is analogous to the IPv4 loopback address 127.0.0.1. FE80::/10 is the IPv6 link-local range, FF02::1 is an IPv6 multicast address used for all nodes on the local link, and 2001:db8::/32 is reserved for documentation examples. Recognizing special IPv6 addresses is important for troubleshooting and for understanding how IPv6 control and management traffic operates.

Question: 80. What happens when a Junos configuration is committed successfully?

1. The candidate configuration becomes the active configuration
   2. All routing protocols are permanently disabled
   3. The device automatically resets to factory defaults
   4. The candidate configuration is deleted without activation

Correct Answer: 1. The candidate configuration becomes the active configuration

Explanation:

A successful Junos commit activates the candidate configuration, making the configured changes part of the device’s active configuration. Junos separates candidate and active configurations so administrators can make and review changes before applying them. Commands such as commit check can validate the candidate configuration before the actual commit. A successful commit does not disable routing protocols, reset the device, or discard the candidate changes without activation. Understanding this workflow is important for safe Junos administration because it provides an opportunity to review, validate, and then deliberately activate configuration changes.