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Question 141. What does OSPF use to select the best path?

1. VLAN ID
2. MAC address
3. Hop count only
4. OSPF cost

Correct Answer: 4. OSPF cost

Explanation:

OSPF selects routes by calculating the lowest cumulative cost toward a destination. Each OSPF-enabled interface can have a cost value, and the costs along a path contribute to the final route metric. A lower total cost is preferred. On AOS-CX, administrators can manually configure interface cost when they want one path preferred over another. This makes cost useful for basic traffic engineering in redundant routed designs. OSPF does not use VLAN IDs or MAC addresses as its path-selection metric, and unlike RIP, it does not simply count routing hops.

Question 142. What does an OSPF passive interface do?

1. Advertises the network without forming OSPF neighbors on that interface
2. Disables the interface
3. Removes the network from OSPF
4. Changes the interface to Layer 2

Correct Answer: 1. Advertises the network without forming OSPF neighbors on that interface

Explanation:

An OSPF passive interface participates in the OSPF process but does not send or receive normal OSPF protocol packets on that interface. This is useful on user-facing or server-facing networks where the connected subnet should be advertised to other routers but there is no legitimate OSPF neighbor on the segment. Making such interfaces passive reduces unnecessary OSPF traffic and prevents unintended neighbor relationships. AOS-CX supports configuring individual interfaces as passive as well as making all interfaces passive by default and selectively enabling required routed links.

Question 143. Which OSPF setting affects DR election on a broadcast network?

1. DSCP value
2. Native VLAN
3. Interface OSPF priority
4. DHCP option

Correct Answer: 3. Interface OSPF priority

Explanation:

OSPF uses interface priority as an important factor when electing the Designated Router and Backup Designated Router on suitable multi-access networks. A higher OSPF priority makes a router more likely to become DR. Administrators can therefore influence election results by changing the priority on specific interfaces. AOS-CX exposes an ip ospf priority setting as part of OSPF interface configuration. DR election reduces the number of full adjacencies and link-state exchanges needed on a shared network segment. VLAN settings and DHCP options are unrelated to OSPF DR election.

Question 144. What should normally match between OSPF neighbors?

1. Hostnames
2. Hello and dead timers
3. Switch serial numbers
4. VLAN names

Correct Answer: 2. Hello and dead timers

Explanation:

OSPF neighbors must use compatible parameters before they can establish a normal adjacency. Important interface parameters include the Hello interval and Dead interval. If neighboring routers use inconsistent timer values, they may fail to become neighbors even when IP connectivity is otherwise correct. AOS-CX allows both values to be configured on an OSPF interface. During troubleshooting, administrators should also check the OSPF area, authentication settings, subnet configuration, and network type. Matching hostnames or hardware serial numbers is not required for OSPF neighbor formation.

Question 145. What is the purpose of a default route?

1. Forward traffic with no more-specific route
2. Replace every connected route
3. Disable dynamic routing
4. Advertise VLAN information

Correct Answer: 1. Forward traffic with no more-specific route

Explanation:

A default route is used when the routing table does not contain a more-specific match for the destination address. For IPv4, the default prefix is 0.0.0.0/0. If no more-specific route exists, the router forwards the packet toward the next hop configured for the default route. Without a matching route or default route, the packet is normally discarded and an unreachable response may be generated. Default routes are common at branch offices and network edges where one upstream path is used for most external destinations.

Question 146. What is the purpose of an SVI?

1. Create an RF channel
2. Form an LACP group
3. Provide Layer 3 routing for a VLAN
4. Create a WLAN SSID

Correct Answer: 4. Provide Layer 3 routing for a VLAN

Explanation:

A Switch Virtual Interface represents a VLAN at Layer 3 and provides an IP interface that can act as a gateway for hosts in that VLAN. When an AOS-CX switch performs inter-VLAN routing, hosts in different VLANs send traffic to their corresponding Layer 3 interfaces, and the switch routes packets between those networks according to its routing table and security policy. The SVI therefore connects Layer 2 VLAN segmentation with Layer 3 forwarding. It is unrelated to wireless RF channels, LACP negotiation, or SSID creation.

Question 147. What does VRRP provide?

1. Wireless roaming
2. Default-gateway redundancy
3. DHCP snooping
4. Link aggregation

Correct Answer: 2. Default-gateway redundancy

Explanation:

VRRP provides redundancy for the default gateway used by hosts on a subnet. Multiple routers participate in one virtual router and share a virtual IP address that hosts use as their gateway. One router operates as Active and forwards traffic for the virtual router, while one or more Standby routers can take over if the Active becomes unavailable. Because hosts continue using the same virtual gateway address, failover does not require endpoints to change their gateway configuration. HPE includes VRRP as a core redundancy topic in Campus Access Fundamentals.

Question 148. Which VRRP router is normally preferred?

1. Lowest-priority router
2. Newest router
3. Highest-priority router
4. Lowest MAC address only

Correct Answer: 3. Highest-priority router

Explanation:

VRRP uses priority to determine which eligible router should operate as Active. Higher priority values are preferred. On AOS-CX, ordinary Standby routers have a default priority of 100, while the Owner router is assigned priority 255. Administrators can change Standby priorities to establish the desired failover order when several redundant routers exist. This gives network designers predictable control over which device should forward traffic under normal or failure conditions. VRRP priority is unrelated to MAC-address-table learning or switch installation age.

Question 149. What address do hosts use with VRRP?

1. Virtual IP address
2. Loopback only
3. Broadcast address
4. AP management address

Correct Answer: 1. Virtual IP address

Explanation:

Hosts use the VRRP virtual IP address as their default gateway rather than depending on the physical address of one particular router. The currently Active VRRP router forwards traffic for this virtual address. If that router becomes unavailable, a Standby can assume the Active function while hosts continue sending traffic to the same gateway IP. AOS-CX VRRP supports configuring primary and, on supported platforms, secondary virtual IP addresses for a virtual router. This abstraction is what makes gateway failover transparent to normal clients.

Question 150. What does VRRP preemption allow?

1. A lower-priority router to stay Active forever
2. A recovered higher-priority Standby to become Active
3. Every router to become Active
4. VRRP to disable routing

Correct Answer: 4. A recovered higher-priority Standby to become Active

Explanation:

Preemption allows a higher-priority VRRP Standby to take over from a lower-priority Active router when the higher-priority device becomes available again. For example, if the preferred Standby was unavailable during a failure and a lower-priority router became Active, the preferred router can later preempt it after recovery. AOS-CX allows preemption behavior to be disabled when administrators want to avoid unnecessary role changes. Preemption applies to Standby routers and helps ensure that the preferred device resumes the Active role when network conditions return to normal.

Question 151. In bridge-mode WLAN forwarding, where does client traffic go?

1. Directly from the AP to the local wired VLAN
2. Always to a gateway cluster
3. Only to Central
4. To another AP first

Correct Answer: 3. Directly from the AP to the local wired VLAN

Explanation:

In bridge forwarding mode, the AP converts wireless client traffic into Ethernet traffic and forwards it locally through its wired uplink onto the appropriate VLAN. The user data does not need to traverse a gateway cluster first. This can simplify smaller or distributed deployments and reduce centralized gateway dependency. However, the AP’s switch connection must carry the required wireless user VLANs. HPE documents bridge mode as suitable where advanced centralized gateway features are not necessary and identifies the AP as the local forwarding point for client traffic.

Question 152. In tunnel-mode WLAN forwarding, where is client traffic sent?

1. Directly to the local VLAN only
2. To a Mobility Gateway through a tunnel
3. To the DNS server first
4. To the nearest wireless client

Correct Answer: 2. To a Mobility Gateway through a tunnel

Explanation:

In tunnel mode, an AOS 10 AP encapsulates wireless client traffic and sends it toward a Mobility Gateway or gateway cluster. The gateway decapsulates the traffic and can apply centralized inspection, policy enforcement, and VLAN forwarding. HPE’s validated design documentation describes tunneled client traffic as being transported using GRE between APs and the gateway. Tunnel mode is therefore useful when organizations want centralized policy and traffic handling rather than locally bridging user data at each AP. The AP still serves the wireless client, but the gateway becomes the centralized data-path enforcement point.

Question 153. What does Mixed forwarding provide?

1. Wired traffic only
2. Bridge and tunnel forwarding based on client VLAN assignment
3. Two SSIDs with the same name only
4. No gateway support

Correct Answer: 4. Bridge and tunnel forwarding based on client VLAN assignment

Explanation:

Mixed forwarding allows the same WLAN profile to support both locally bridged and gateway-tunneled client traffic. HPE explains that the assigned VLAN determines the forwarding behavior: a VLAN present in the gateway cluster can be tunneled, while another VLAN can be bridged locally by the AP. This provides flexibility when different users or services need different data paths. For example, one class of traffic may require centralized gateway inspection while another can remain local. Mixed mode therefore combines the advantages of bridge and tunnel forwarding instead of forcing the entire WLAN into only one forwarding model.

Question 154. Which band generally offers more non-overlapping channels than 2.4 GHz?

1. 5 GHz
2. AM radio
3. Bluetooth only
4. 900 MHz only

Correct Answer: 1. 5 GHz

Explanation:

The 5 GHz Wi-Fi band provides more non-overlapping channel choices than the 2.4 GHz band. This gives WLAN designers more flexibility in channel reuse and can reduce co-channel interference in dense environments. HPE’s RF planning guidance recommends greater use of 5 GHz and 6 GHz capacity in modern designs, especially where user density is high. The actual channel set depends on the regulatory domain and channel width. More channels do not automatically guarantee good performance; AP placement, transmit power, channel width, interference, and client capabilities still affect WLAN quality.

Question 155. What is a tradeoff of using wider Wi-Fi channels?

1. Lower maximum throughput only
2. More non-overlapping channels
3. Higher per-client throughput but fewer non-overlapping channels
4. No RF impact

Correct Answer: 2. Higher per-client throughput but fewer non-overlapping channels

Explanation:

Wider channels combine more RF spectrum into one channel and can provide higher peak throughput for a client. The tradeoff is that fewer non-overlapping channels remain available in the same frequency band. In dense deployments, this can increase channel reuse and co-channel interference. HPE’s RF design guidance therefore recommends considering client density, interference, and capacity requirements before increasing channel width. Narrower 20 MHz channels may provide lower peak rates but can improve channel reuse and reliability in high-density environments. AirMatch can dynamically manage channel width on supported deployments.

Question 156. What does AirMatch optimize?

1. BGP routes
2. DHCP leases
3. RF channels, channel width, and transmit power
4. Switch VLAN IDs

Correct Answer: 3. RF channels, channel width, and transmit power

Explanation:

AirMatch is an RF optimization capability that analyzes wireless telemetry and makes radio-resource decisions. HPE documents functions including selecting channels, adjusting channel bandwidth, and optimizing effective transmit power. The goal is to reduce interference and improve overall wireless performance as RF conditions change. AirMatch can also account for newer frequency bands and flex-radio capabilities on supported APs. It does not replace sound AP placement or RF design, but it helps maintain an effective channel and power plan dynamically rather than requiring administrators to manually tune every AP radio.

Question 157. What does DFS protect 5 GHz WLANs from?

1. Radar interference
2. DHCP attacks
3. OSPF loops
4. VLAN mismatches

Correct Answer: 1. Radar interference

Explanation:

Dynamic Frequency Selection is required on certain 5 GHz channels to protect radar systems that share portions of the spectrum. A supported AP monitors for radar signals and, when radar is detected, must vacate the affected channel and move to another permitted channel. HPE documentation describes DFS as a mechanism for identifying and avoiding radar interference in the 5 GHz band. Zero-wait DFS capabilities on supported systems can reduce service disruption during channel changes. DFS behavior depends on the regulatory domain and the specific channels used.

Question 158. Why might 20 MHz channels be preferred in a dense WLAN?

1. They always provide the highest single-client rate
2. They provide more channel-reuse options and can reduce co-channel interference
3. They disable RF interference
4. They remove the need for channel planning

Correct Answer: 4. They provide more channel-reuse options and can reduce co-channel interference

Explanation:

A dense WLAN requires many APs operating near one another. Using narrower 20 MHz channels creates more non-overlapping channel choices than using wider 40, 80, or 160 MHz channels. This can reduce how often nearby APs must reuse the same frequencies and therefore reduce co-channel contention. HPE’s RF design guidance specifically notes that narrower channels provide more available channels and can lower interference risk, while wider channels favor higher peak throughput. The correct choice depends on density, application requirements, client capabilities, and the available RF spectrum.

Question 159. What is co-channel interference?

1. Interference from DHCP servers
2. An OSPF timer mismatch
3. Nearby APs competing on the same RF channel
4. Two switches using the same VLAN

Correct Answer: 3. Nearby APs competing on the same RF channel

Explanation:

Co-channel interference occurs when APs or clients within hearing range use the same channel and must share the available airtime. Wi-Fi devices normally coordinate access to the medium rather than transmitting simultaneously, so excessive same-channel reuse can reduce effective throughput as more devices compete for transmission opportunities. Good RF planning aims to minimize unnecessary co-channel contention through proper AP placement, power levels, channel selection, and channel width. HPE recommends using available 5 GHz and 6 GHz channels and tools such as AirMatch to improve channel allocation in modern WLAN designs.

Question 160. Which design BEST fits a campus needing routed redundancy and centralized WLAN policy?

1. OSPF for routing, VRRP for gateway redundancy, and tunnel-mode WLANs to Mobility Gateways
2. One static route and bridge mode only
3. Disable routing and use one VLAN everywhere
4. Use DFS as the routing protocol

Correct Answer: 1. OSPF for routing, VRRP for gateway redundancy, and tunnel-mode WLANs to Mobility Gateways

Explanation:

This design assigns each requirement to the correct technology. OSPF provides dynamic Layer 3 routing and can select paths according to interface cost. VRRP supplies a resilient virtual default gateway so clients are not dependent on one physical router. Tunnel-mode WLAN forwarding sends client traffic to a Mobility Gateway, where centralized role, policy, and traffic inspection can be applied. These technologies address different layers of the campus design but complement one another effectively. HPE’s current HPE6-A85 objectives specifically include routing, resiliency, switching, and WLAN knowledge, making this type of integrated scenario appropriate for exam preparation.