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Question 61.

Choose the option that best corrects the underlined portion of the sentence:
Each of the students in the advanced chemistry classes have completed the laboratory safety training.

1. have completed
   2. has completed
   3. were completing
   4. complete

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The subject of the sentence is Each, which is singular. The phrase “of the students in the advanced chemistry classes” adds information but does not change the number of the main subject. Therefore, the singular verb phrase has completed is correct. Choice 1 incorrectly agrees with the nearby plural noun “students.” Choice 3 changes the tense and does not fit the completed action described in the sentence. Choice 4 also uses a plural verb form. ACT English often places plural nouns between the subject and verb to distract test takers. A useful strategy is to temporarily remove prepositional phrases: “Each has completed the training.” That simplified structure makes the required singular verb much easier to recognize.

Question 62.

Which sentence is the most concise and grammatically correct revision?
The reason why Marcus left early was because he had an appointment that had been scheduled in advance.

1. Marcus left early because he had a previously scheduled appointment.
   2. The reason Marcus left early was because of the fact that an appointment had previously been scheduled.
   3. Marcus, due to the reason that he had an appointment scheduled in advance, left early.
   4. Because Marcus had an appointment that was previously scheduled in advance, this was the reason he left early.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

Choice 1 expresses the same meaning clearly and without redundancy. The original sentence uses both “the reason why” and “because,” which repeat the same causal idea. It also says the appointment was “scheduled in advance,” even though scheduling generally already implies advance planning. “Previously scheduled appointment” is sufficient. Choice 2 remains wordy and awkward. Choice 3 uses the cumbersome phrase “due to the reason that.” Choice 4 unnecessarily repeats the explanation after already stating it. ACT English rewards economical expression when meaning remains complete. Look for repeated ideas, especially phrases such as “the reason is because,” “future plans,” “past history,” or “advance planning,” and select the revision that states the idea directly.

Question 63.

Choose the best punctuation for the sentence:
The environmental study focused on three factors ___ water quality, soil composition, and local wildlife populations.

1. factors, water
   2. factors; water
   3. factors: water
   4. factors water

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

A colon is correct because the words before the blank form a complete independent clause: “The environmental study focused on three factors.” The material after the blank identifies those three factors. Choice 3 therefore provides the clearest punctuation. Choice 1 uses a comma where stronger punctuation is needed. Choice 2 uses a semicolon, but the words following it are a list rather than a complete independent clause. Choice 4 omits punctuation entirely and makes the sentence difficult to read. On ACT English, a colon is often used to introduce a list, explanation, or example after a complete clause. Always test the material before the colon: if it cannot stand alone as a sentence, the colon is usually not appropriate.

Question 64.

Choose the transition that best completes the paragraph:
The restaurant initially served only dinner. After several customers requested earlier hours, the owners began opening for lunch as well. ___, total weekly sales increased noticeably.

1. As a result
   2. In contrast
   3. Nevertheless
   4. For instance

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The paragraph describes a change in business hours followed by an increase in sales. The increase is presented as an outcome of the restaurant adding lunch service, so As a result is the best transition. “In contrast” signals an opposing idea, which does not fit. “Nevertheless” introduces something surprising despite previous information, but the sales increase logically follows the expanded hours. “For instance” would introduce an example rather than a consequence. ACT transition questions are primarily tests of logical relationships. Before selecting an answer, summarize the relationship yourself. Here, the structure is “the restaurant expanded service, therefore sales rose,” which clearly indicates cause and effect.

Question 65.

Which sentence best supports the writer’s goal of emphasizing the physical difficulty of an archaeological excavation?

1. The excavation site was located near a small village.
   2. Archaeologists spent weeks removing compacted soil with hand tools while working in temperatures above 100°F.
   3. Several artifacts were later displayed in a museum.
   4. The research team included students from three universities.

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

Choice 2 most directly emphasizes physical difficulty because it describes strenuous manual work, a long duration, and extreme heat. These concrete details allow the reader to understand why the excavation was physically demanding. Choice 1 gives location information but does not communicate difficulty. Choice 3 concerns what happened to artifacts later, and Choice 4 provides information about the team’s composition. ACT English rhetorical-purpose questions ask which detail best fulfills a stated goal. The strongest answer usually includes specific evidence rather than a vague or merely related fact. Here, the combination of hand tools, compacted soil, weeks of labor, and temperatures over 100°F directly supports the writer’s intended emphasis.

Question 66.

If 7x-5=44, what is the value of x?

1. 5
   2. 6
   3. 7
   4. 8

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

Start with 7x-5=44. Add 5 to both sides to isolate the term containing x: 7x=49. Then divide both sides by 7 to get x=7. Therefore, Choice 3 is correct. You can verify by substitution: 7(7)-5=49-5=44, which matches the original equation. ACT Math linear-equation questions are usually straightforward if you reverse operations carefully. Undo addition or subtraction first, then multiplication or division. Checking the solution by substitution is an efficient way to catch arithmetic mistakes before moving on.

Question 67.

A television originally costs $750 and is discounted by 16%. What is the sale price?

1. $120
   2. $630
   3. $650
   4. $684

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

A 16% discount means the buyer pays 84% of the original price. Calculate 0.84750=630. Therefore, the sale price is $630, Choice 2. Another method is to find the discount first: 0.16750=120, then subtract 750-120=630. Choice 1 represents the discount amount rather than the final price. Choice 3 and Choice 4 do not correspond to a 16% reduction. ACT percentage questions frequently include the amount of the discount as a distractor. Always determine whether the question asks for the amount changed or the final value after the change.

Question 68.

A rectangle has a perimeter of 54 units. Its length is 16 units. What is its width?

1. 9 units
   2. 11 units
   3. 19 units
   4. 22 units

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The perimeter of a rectangle is P=2L+2W. Substitute P=54 and L=16: 54=2(16)+2W. This becomes 54=32+2W. Subtract 32 from both sides: 22=2W. Divide by 2 to get W=11. Therefore, Choice 2 is correct. Choice 3 results from subtracting incorrectly, while Choice 4 represents the value of 2W before dividing by 2. ACT geometry questions often combine a familiar formula with simple algebra. Write the correct formula first, substitute carefully, and solve step by step.

Question 69.

The mean of 6 numbers is 24. What is the sum of the 6 numbers?

1. 30
   2. 72
   3. 120
   4. 144

Correct Answer: 4

Explanation:

The mean is calculated as total sum divided by the number of values. If the mean is 24 and there are 6 numbers, then the sum must be 246=144. Therefore, Choice 4 is correct. This relationship can be written as sum=meannumberofvalues. Choice 1 adds 6 to 24 rather than multiplying. Choice 2 is only half the required sum, and Choice 3 does not satisfy the average. ACT Math frequently asks you to move between average and total. When the average and number of values are given, multiplication is often the fastest route to the answer.

Question 70.

A right triangle has a hypotenuse of 13 and one leg of 5. What is the length of the other leg?

1. 8
   2. 10
   3. 12
   4. 18

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

Use the Pythagorean theorem, a2+b2=c2, where c is the hypotenuse. Let the unknown leg be x. Then 52+x2=132. This gives 25+x2=169, so x2=144. Taking the positive square root gives x=12. Therefore, Choice 3 is correct. This is also the well-known 5-12-13 Pythagorean triple. Recognizing common triples can save time on the ACT, but the theorem always provides a reliable method. Remember that the hypotenuse must be the longest side, so it should always be used as c.

Question 71.

Read the passage and answer the question.

Passage:
Nora had always considered herself a poor cook. She followed recipes exactly but became frustrated whenever a dish looked different from the photograph in the cookbook. One afternoon, her grandmother invited her to help prepare a family soup. Instead of measuring every ingredient precisely, Nora’s grandmother tasted the broth repeatedly and adjusted the seasoning as she went. At first, Nora worried that the soup would be inconsistent. By dinner, however, she realized that the small adjustments had created a richer flavor than she expected. Afterward, Nora began treating recipes as guides rather than strict instructions.

Which statement best describes Nora’s change in perspective?

1. She decides that cooking should never involve recipes.
   2. She learns that flexibility and judgment can be useful in cooking.
   3. She concludes that her grandmother dislikes measuring ingredients.
   4. She decides that photographs in cookbooks are unnecessary.

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

At the beginning, Nora treats recipes as exact instructions and becomes frustrated when results differ from cookbook photographs. After observing her grandmother adjust seasoning by taste, Nora realizes that successful cooking can involve judgment and flexibility. Choice 2 captures this development accurately. Choice 1 is too extreme because Nora does not reject recipes entirely; she begins treating them as guides. Choice 3 focuses narrowly on the grandmother rather than Nora’s change. Choice 4 mentions cookbook photographs but does not represent the passage’s main development. ACT Reading questions about perspective often require comparing a character’s initial belief with the lesson or realization reached by the end.

Question 72.

Based on the passage in Question 71, why does the author mention that Nora’s grandmother “tasted the broth repeatedly”?

1. To show how the grandmother adjusted the recipe based on judgment
   2. To prove that the soup was initially unsafe to eat
   3. To suggest that Nora refused to help with cooking
   4. To show that the grandmother could not remember the recipe

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The repeated tasting illustrates the grandmother’s flexible approach to cooking. Rather than relying entirely on fixed measurements, she evaluates the soup and adjusts it based on taste. This detail directly supports Nora’s realization that recipes do not always need to be followed rigidly. Choice 2 introduces a safety issue that is never mentioned. Choice 3 contradicts the fact that Nora is helping. Choice 4 is also unsupported. ACT Reading questions about authorial purpose often ask what a particular detail demonstrates. Here, the tasting is not random background information; it shows the practical technique that changes Nora’s understanding of cooking.

Question 73.

Read the passage and answer the question.

Passage:
Researchers studying city noise have found that trees, shrubs, and other vegetation can reduce the amount of sound that reaches nearby homes. Vegetation does not eliminate traffic noise, but dense plantings can absorb and scatter some sound waves. In addition, greenery may make residents perceive an area as calmer even when measured noise levels change only slightly. For this reason, some urban planners include vegetation in broader strategies for improving neighborhood environments.

What is the main idea of the passage?

1. Vegetation can contribute to quieter and more pleasant urban environments.
   2. Trees completely eliminate traffic noise.
   3. Urban planners should remove roads near houses.
   4. Measured noise is always identical to perceived noise.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The passage explains two ways vegetation may improve urban environments: it can physically reduce some sound and can also influence how calm an area feels. Choice 1 captures both aspects. Choice 2 is too absolute because the passage specifically says vegetation does not eliminate traffic noise. Choice 3 is not discussed. Choice 4 is contradicted by the distinction between measured noise levels and residents’ perceptions. ACT Reading main-idea questions require an answer broad enough to include the passage’s major points but not so broad that it introduces unsupported claims. Choice 1 accurately reflects the overall emphasis on vegetation as one useful component of urban environmental planning.

Question 74.

In the passage from Question 73, the phrase “For this reason” refers most directly to the idea that:

1. vegetation can both reduce some sound and improve perceptions of calmness
   2. all urban neighborhoods have identical traffic conditions
   3. residents dislike trees and shrubs
   4. planners rely only on vegetation to solve noise problems

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

“For this reason” connects the previous discussion of vegetation’s benefits to the statement that urban planners sometimes include it in broader neighborhood strategies. Those benefits include absorbing or scattering some sound and making areas feel calmer. Therefore, Choice 1 correctly identifies what the transition refers to. Choice 2 is not stated, Choice 3 contradicts the positive treatment of greenery, and Choice 4 is too strong because the passage says vegetation is included in broader strategies, meaning it is only one component. ACT Reading transition-reference questions require following the logical connection between sentences rather than focusing on a single nearby word.

Question 75.

Which inference is best supported by the passage in Question 73?

1. The psychological effect of greenery may matter even when physical noise reduction is modest.
   2. Vegetation is useless unless it removes all traffic noise.
   3. Urban planners no longer use any other noise-control methods.
   4. Dense vegetation always makes measured noise levels zero.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The passage states that greenery may make residents perceive an area as calmer even when measured noise levels change only slightly. This strongly supports the inference that psychological or perceptual effects can matter even when the physical reduction in sound is limited. Choice 2 contradicts the passage’s positive discussion. Choice 3 is false because vegetation is described as part of broader strategies, not the only tool. Choice 4 is an unsupported absolute statement. ACT inference questions often reward careful, limited conclusions. The correct answer should be strongly grounded in the text without extending beyond the evidence presented.

Question 76.

A student tests how water temperature affects the time required for a tablet to dissolve. Identical tablets are placed in equal volumes of water at 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, and 40°C. What is the independent variable?

1. Dissolving time
   2. Tablet size
   3. Water temperature
   4. Volume of water

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

The independent variable is the factor deliberately changed by the researcher. In this experiment, the student changes the water temperature among four values: 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, and 40°C. Therefore, Choice 3 is correct. Dissolving time is the dependent variable because it is measured as the result. Tablet size and water volume are controlled variables because they are kept the same. ACT Science often tests experimental design vocabulary. A useful rule is: the independent variable is what is manipulated, while the dependent variable is what is measured. Controlled variables are conditions held constant to make the comparison fair.

Question 77.

Why does the student in Question 76 use identical tablets and equal volumes of water?

1. To help isolate the effect of temperature on dissolving time
   2. To ensure all trials have the same temperature
   3. To increase the number of independent variables
   4. To prevent the tablets from dissolving

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

Identical tablets and equal water volumes keep important conditions constant. If tablet size or water volume varied, differences in dissolving time might result from those factors rather than temperature. By controlling them, the student can more confidently attribute differences in dissolution rate to water temperature. Choice 2 is incorrect because temperature is intentionally varied. Choice 3 would weaken the experiment because adding independent variables makes it harder to identify cause and effect. Choice 4 contradicts the purpose of the study. ACT Science frequently asks why controlled variables matter: they reduce alternative explanations and make comparisons among experimental groups more meaningful.

Question 78.

The experiment in Question 76 produces the following average dissolving times:
10°C: 180 seconds
20°C: 130 seconds
30°C: 85 seconds
40°C: 60 seconds
Which conclusion is best supported?

1. Dissolving time decreased as water temperature increased.
   2. Dissolving time increased as temperature increased.
   3. Temperature had no relationship with dissolving time.
   4. The tablet dissolved fastest at 10°C.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The dissolving time drops steadily as temperature rises: 180 seconds at 10°C, 130 seconds at 20°C, 85 seconds at 30°C, and 60 seconds at 40°C. Therefore, Choice 1 accurately describes the pattern. Choice 2 reverses the observed trend. Choice 3 ignores the clear relationship in the data. Choice 4 is false because the longest dissolving time occurs at 10°C, while the shortest occurs at 40°C. ACT Science data questions often test whether you can identify increasing or decreasing trends quickly. Be careful to distinguish between the independent variable and the measured response.

Question 79.

Scientist A argues that a decline in a frog population is primarily caused by reduced rainfall. Scientist B argues that the main cause is a fungal disease. Which evidence would most directly support Scientist B?

1. Frog populations decline most strongly in areas where infection rates are high, even when rainfall remains near historical averages.
   2. Rainfall has decreased in several nearby regions.
   3. Frogs are active during both daytime and nighttime.
   4. Some ponds contain more vegetation than others.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

Scientist B claims that fungal disease is the main cause of the population decline. Choice 1 directly links high infection rates to declining frog numbers while showing that rainfall remains relatively normal. This supports the disease explanation and weakens reduced rainfall as the primary cause. Choice 2 would instead support Scientist A. Choice 3 is unrelated to either hypothesis, and Choice 4 does not directly test disease or rainfall. ACT Science conflicting-viewpoints questions require matching evidence to the specific mechanism proposed by each scientist. Evidence is strongest when it supports one explanation while controlling or minimizing the competing factor.

Question 80.

A researcher tests whether a new soil additive improves plant growth. Group A receives the additive and 12 hours of light per day. Group B receives no additive and only 7 hours of light per day. Group A grows taller. Why is the conclusion that the soil additive caused the greater growth not fully justified?

1. Light exposure and soil treatment both differed between the groups.
   2. Plant height cannot be measured accurately.
   3. Soil additives never affect plants.
   4. Seven hours of light always produces maximum growth.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The two groups differ in more than one important variable. Group A receives the soil additive and five additional hours of light each day. Because both soil treatment and light exposure changed, the researcher cannot determine whether the extra growth was caused by the additive, the additional light, or a combination of the two. This is a confounding-variable problem. To test the additive properly, both groups should receive the same amount of light and differ mainly in whether the additive is used. Choices 2, 3, and 4 are unsupported statements. ACT Science frequently evaluates experimental design. A strong experiment isolates the independent variable and holds other important conditions as constant as possible.