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Question 341

Which OSPF LSA is generated by an ASBR to advertise external routes into an OSPF autonomous system?

1. Type 1
2. Type 5
3. Type 3
4. Type 2

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

A Type 5 LSA is generated by an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) to advertise routes learned from outside the OSPF autonomous system. These external LSAs are normally flooded throughout the OSPF domain, except into areas with restrictions such as stub areas. Type 1 LSAs describe router links, Type 2 LSAs are generated by designated routers on multiaccess networks, and Type 3 LSAs are used by ABRs to advertise inter-area networks. Type 5 LSAs therefore provide the primary mechanism for carrying external routing information into OSPF.

Question 342

Which IPv4 mechanism allows several hosts to share one public address by translating source ports?

1. Static NAT
2. Dynamic NAT
3. PAT
4. NAT exemption

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Port Address Translation (PAT), also called NAT overload, allows multiple private IPv4 hosts to share a single public IPv4 address. The router differentiates individual sessions by translating source port numbers along with the source IP addresses. This greatly reduces the number of public IPv4 addresses required for organizations using private addressing internally. Static NAT creates a fixed one-to-one mapping, while dynamic NAT allocates addresses from a configured public pool. PAT is therefore the most common NAT method for allowing many internal hosts to access external networks through limited public addresses.

Question 343

Which OSPF network type normally elects a designated router and backup designated router on a multiaccess Ethernet segment?

1. Point-to-point
2. Loopback
3. Broadcast
4. Point-to-multipoint

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The OSPF broadcast network type is commonly used on Ethernet networks and supports the election of a Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR). These roles reduce the number of OSPF adjacencies required on a shared multiaccess segment. Instead of every router forming a full adjacency with every other router, routers establish full adjacency primarily with the DR and BDR. Point-to-point networks do not require DR or BDR elections. Understanding the OSPF network type is important when troubleshooting unexpected adjacency behavior on Ethernet interfaces.

Question 344

Which command can display the MAC addresses that a switch has dynamically learned?

1. show mac address-table
2. show ip protocols
3. show ip ospf database
4. show spanning-tree summary

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

The show mac address-table command displays MAC addresses that the switch has learned and associates them with VLANs and switch interfaces. This information is useful for determining where a Layer 2 device is connected and for troubleshooting forwarding problems. The MAC address table is dynamically populated as the switch examines the source MAC address of incoming frames. Other commands focus on routing protocols, OSPF information, or spanning-tree operation. Administrators frequently use the MAC address table together with interface and VLAN information when investigating Layer 2 connectivity issues.

Question 345

Which BGP message is periodically exchanged between established peers to maintain the BGP session?

1. UPDATE
2. OPEN
3. NOTIFICATION
4. KEEPALIVE

Correct Answer: 4

Explanation

BGP KEEPALIVE messages are periodically exchanged between established BGP peers to confirm that the session remains operational. If a router stops receiving expected KEEPALIVE or other BGP messages within the negotiated Hold Time, it can consider the peer unavailable and terminate the session. OPEN messages establish and negotiate BGP sessions, UPDATE messages advertise or withdraw routes, and NOTIFICATION messages report errors and terminate sessions. KEEPALIVE messages therefore provide an essential mechanism for maintaining an established BGP relationship and detecting peer failures.

Question 346

Which technology provides Layer 3 separation by maintaining independent routing tables on the same router?

1. VLAN
2. VRF
3. EtherChannel
4. STP

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) allows a router or Layer 3 switch to maintain multiple independent routing and forwarding tables. Each VRF can contain overlapping IP address spaces while keeping traffic logically separated from other VRFs. This capability is widely used by service providers, enterprises, and organizations requiring isolated routing environments. VLANs primarily provide Layer 2 segmentation, EtherChannel combines physical links into a logical interface, and STP prevents Layer 2 loops. VRF is specifically designed to provide independent Layer 3 forwarding domains on shared infrastructure.

Question 347

Which IPv6 address type is used for communication with the nearest member of a group of interfaces assigned the same address?

1. Anycast
2. Multicast
3. Link-local
4. Global unicast

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

An IPv6 anycast address is assigned to multiple interfaces, and packets sent to that address are delivered to the topologically nearest interface according to the routing topology. Anycast is useful for services that need geographically or topologically distributed instances, such as DNS services or gateway functions. Multicast delivers traffic to multiple members of a multicast group, while link-local addresses are used for communication on the local link. Global unicast addresses identify routable IPv6 interfaces. Anycast therefore provides an efficient way to reach the nearest available service instance.

Question 348

Which QoS mechanism temporarily stores packets in a buffer and sends them when bandwidth becomes available?

1. Policing
2. Marking
3. Queuing
4. Classification

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

QoS queuing manages packets that cannot immediately be transmitted because the output interface is congested. Packets are placed into queues and scheduled for transmission according to the configured queuing mechanism and traffic priorities. This allows important traffic classes to receive appropriate treatment during congestion. Policing typically drops or remarks traffic that exceeds a defined rate, while classification identifies traffic and marking assigns QoS values. Queuing therefore directly addresses how packets waiting for transmission are organized and serviced when an interface becomes congested.

Question 349

Which protocol is commonly used to securely transfer configuration or other files between network devices using SSH encryption?

1. SCP
2. TFTP
3. FTP
4. HTTP

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Secure Copy Protocol (SCP) provides encrypted file transfers using the SSH protocol. Network administrators can use SCP to securely copy configuration files, software images, and other files between network devices and management systems. Because SCP uses SSH for authentication and encryption, transferred data is protected from simple interception on the network. TFTP does not provide encryption or authentication, while traditional FTP and HTTP are not equivalent to SCP’s secure SSH-based transfer mechanism. SCP is therefore a useful choice when secure file movement is required.

Question 350

Which protocol is designed to provide authentication, authorization, and accounting for network access users?

1. NTP
2. RADIUS
3. Syslog
4. CDP

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

RADIUS is an AAA protocol commonly used to provide centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting for network access. It can authenticate users connecting through services such as wireless networks, VPNs, and network access devices. The centralized approach allows administrators to manage user credentials and access policies more consistently than maintaining separate local accounts on every device. NTP provides time synchronization, Syslog collects event messages, and CDP discovers Cisco neighbors. RADIUS therefore plays an important role in centralized access control and accounting within enterprise networks.

Question 351

Which routing decision is made first when a router compares routes with different destination prefix lengths?

1. Administrative distance
2. Metric
3. Longest prefix match
4. Router ID

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Routers use longest prefix match when selecting the most specific route for a destination IP address. For example, if a routing table contains both a broad network route and a more specific subnet route that match the destination, the router selects the route with the longest matching prefix. This process occurs before comparing administrative distance and metrics between routes that represent the same destination prefix. Longest prefix matching allows routers to make precise forwarding decisions even when multiple routes overlap.

Question 352

Which protocol allows a router to dynamically discover the default gateway information advertised by IPv6 routers?

1. ARP
2. DHCP
3. ICMPv6
4. RARP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

IPv6 uses ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery mechanisms for router discovery. Routers send Router Advertisement messages, either periodically or in response to Router Solicitation messages, allowing hosts to learn information such as the default router and network prefix. IPv6 does not use ARP for this purpose; Neighbor Discovery replaces many functions traditionally associated with ARP in IPv4. DHCP is a separate configuration mechanism, while RARP is obsolete. ICMPv6 therefore provides the underlying messaging framework used for IPv6 router discovery and related neighbor functions.

Question 353

Which BGP attribute is normally preferred with a higher value when selecting an outbound path within a Cisco autonomous system?

1. MED
2. Origin
3. Local Preference
4. AS Path

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

BGP Local Preference is used within an autonomous system to influence the preferred outbound path. A higher Local Preference value is generally preferred over a lower value, assuming the routes are otherwise comparable during BGP path selection. Network administrators can use this attribute to direct outbound traffic through a preferred Internet or WAN connection. MED is generally preferred when lower, AS Path favors shorter paths, and Origin is evaluated later in the path-selection process. Local Preference is therefore a major tool for controlling outbound traffic within an autonomous system.

Question 354

Which switching technology combines multiple physical Ethernet interfaces into one logical link?

1. EtherChannel
2. VLAN
3. PortFast
4. SPAN

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

EtherChannel combines multiple physical Ethernet interfaces into a single logical interface. This provides increased aggregate bandwidth and redundancy while simplifying management because spanning tree treats the bundled interfaces as one logical path. EtherChannel can use protocols such as LACP to negotiate link aggregation. VLANs provide Layer 2 segmentation, PortFast accelerates spanning-tree transition on suitable edge ports, and SPAN copies traffic for monitoring. EtherChannel is particularly useful between switches, servers, and other devices where additional bandwidth and link-level redundancy are required.

Question 355

Which IPv4 address range is reserved for multicast traffic?

1. 127.0.0.0/8
2. 169.254.0.0/16
3. 224.0.0.0/4
4. 10.0.0.0/8

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

The IPv4 multicast address range is 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255, represented by the 224.0.0.0/4 prefix. Multicast allows a sender to deliver traffic to multiple interested receivers without sending a separate unicast copy to each host. The 127.0.0.0/8 range is reserved for loopback, 169.254.0.0/16 is used for IPv4 link-local addressing, and 10.0.0.0/8 is private address space. Multicast addresses are commonly used by routing protocols and applications that require one-to-many communication.

Question 356

Which BGP attribute is automatically increased by one when a route is advertised to an external BGP neighbor?

1. Local Preference
2. AS Path
3. Weight
4. MED

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

When an eBGP router advertises a route to another autonomous system, it adds its own AS number to the AS Path attribute. This causes the AS Path to grow as the route passes through additional autonomous systems. The receiving router can use the AS Path for loop prevention and as one factor in BGP path selection. Local Preference and Weight are primarily local attributes, while MED is used for inter-AS path-selection influence. The automatic addition of the local AS to the AS Path is fundamental to BGP’s inter-domain operation.

Question 357

Which protocol is used by LACP to negotiate and maintain an EtherChannel between compatible devices?

1. PAgP
2. VTP
3. LACP
4. DTP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) is an IEEE-standard protocol used to negotiate and maintain link aggregation between compatible devices. It allows multiple physical Ethernet links to operate as one logical EtherChannel while verifying that participating interfaces meet aggregation requirements. LACP supports dynamic negotiation and helps detect changes in the bundle. PAgP is a Cisco proprietary alternative, while VTP manages VLAN information and DTP negotiates trunking. LACP is commonly preferred in multivendor environments because it is based on an open IEEE standard.

Question 358

Which routing technique allows traffic to be forwarded according to a configured policy rather than only the destination routing table?

1. ECMP
2. Policy-Based Routing
3. Route summarization
4. Default routing

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Policy-Based Routing (PBR) allows administrators to make forwarding decisions based on criteria beyond the destination address. Policies can match characteristics such as source IP address, protocol, or other packet attributes and then specify a particular next hop or forwarding action. This can be useful for directing selected traffic through firewalls, WAN links, or specialized paths. Standard routing primarily selects paths based on destination prefixes and routing metrics. PBR provides additional control when normal destination-based routing does not meet the desired forwarding policy.

Question 359

Which monitoring technology can mirror traffic from one or more switch interfaces to another interface for analysis?

1. NetFlow
2. SPAN
3. SNMP
4. Syslog

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) allows a switch to copy traffic from selected source interfaces or VLANs to a designated destination interface. A network analyzer or intrusion detection system connected to the destination can then inspect the mirrored traffic. SPAN is useful for troubleshooting, packet analysis, and security monitoring. NetFlow provides flow-level information rather than complete packet mirroring, SNMP collects management information, and Syslog records event messages. SPAN is therefore the appropriate technology when administrators need a copy of traffic for detailed packet-level analysis.

Question 360

Which IPv6 feature allows a host to automatically configure a global address using information supplied by a router?

1. SLAAC
2. NAT
3. ARP
4. PAT

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) allows an IPv6 host to automatically configure an address using information contained in Router Advertisement messages. The router advertises the network prefix, and the host combines that information with an interface identifier to form an IPv6 address. SLAAC reduces the need for manual address configuration and can operate without a DHCPv6 server for basic address assignment. ARP and PAT are IPv4-related mechanisms, while NAT is not required for standard IPv6 address configuration. SLAAC is therefore a key IPv6 autoconfiguration method.