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Question 361

Which protocol is responsible for exchanging routing information between different autonomous systems?

1. OSPF
2. EIGRP
3. BGP
4. RIP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the primary routing protocol used to exchange reachability information between different autonomous systems. It is classified as an exterior gateway protocol and is widely used for Internet routing and interconnection between organizations. BGP uses path attributes to select routes and apply routing policies rather than relying only on a simple metric. OSPF, EIGRP, and RIP are primarily interior gateway protocols designed for routing within an autonomous system. BGP’s policy-based operation makes it suitable for large-scale inter-domain routing environments.

Question 362

Which spanning-tree feature immediately places an access port into the forwarding state instead of waiting through traditional STP states?

1. Root Guard
2. PortFast
3. BPDU Filter
4. Loop Guard

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

PortFast allows a switch port connected to an end device to transition directly to the forwarding state without going through the normal STP listening and learning delays. This significantly reduces the time required for devices such as workstations and printers to obtain network connectivity. PortFast should generally be used only on interfaces connected to end devices because connecting another switch could create a topology problem. Root Guard protects the root role, BPDU Filter controls BPDU processing, and Loop Guard helps prevent certain STP failures.

Question 363

Which BGP attribute is locally significant to a Cisco router and is normally considered before Local Preference during BGP path selection?

1. Weight
2. MED
3. Community
4. Origin

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

BGP Weight is a Cisco-specific attribute that is locally significant to the router where it is configured. A higher Weight value is preferred and can be used to influence which route a particular router selects when multiple BGP paths are available. Weight is considered before Local Preference in Cisco’s BGP best-path process. Unlike Local Preference, Weight is not advertised to BGP peers. This makes it useful when an administrator wants to influence route selection on one router without affecting other routers within the autonomous system.

Question 364

Which protocol is used to automatically assign IPv6 addresses and other configuration information from a dedicated server?

1. SLAAC
2. DHCPv6
3. ARP
4. NAT

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

DHCPv6 provides centralized IPv6 configuration services and can supply hosts with addressing information and additional network parameters. It can operate in stateful mode, where the DHCPv6 server assigns addresses, or stateless mode, where hosts obtain addresses through SLAAC and use DHCPv6 for additional configuration information. ARP is replaced by IPv6 Neighbor Discovery, while NAT is not required for normal IPv6 configuration. DHCPv6 is therefore appropriate when an organization wants centralized control over IPv6 address assignment or additional host configuration parameters.

Question 365

Which BGP attribute describes how a route entered the BGP routing system?

1. Community
2. Origin
3. Weight
4. Local Preference

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

The BGP Origin attribute indicates how a route was introduced into BGP. Its values include IGP, EGP, and Incomplete, with IGP generally preferred over EGP and EGP preferred over Incomplete when comparing otherwise equivalent paths. Routes learned through network statements commonly receive an IGP origin, while routes introduced through redistribution may receive an Incomplete origin. The Origin attribute is one of the factors considered during BGP best-path selection. Community is used for policy tagging, while Weight and Local Preference influence route preference.

Question 366

Which routing protocol uses the DUAL algorithm to calculate loop-free paths and support rapid convergence?

1. EIGRP
2. OSPF
3. BGP
4. RIP

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate loop-free paths and maintain backup routes when available. DUAL helps EIGRP converge efficiently after topology changes while preventing routing loops. EIGRP maintains information about successors and feasible successors to support rapid recovery. OSPF uses the Shortest Path First algorithm, BGP uses path-selection rules based on attributes, and RIP relies on hop count. DUAL is therefore a defining characteristic of EIGRP and contributes significantly to its convergence behavior.

Question 367

Which network service translates domain names into IP addresses?

1. DHCP
2. DNS
3. NTP
4. SNMP

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Domain Name System (DNS) translates human-readable hostnames and domain names into IP addresses and can also provide other types of name-related information. When a user accesses a service by hostname, the DNS resolver can obtain the corresponding address so the client can communicate with the destination. DHCP is used for automatic network configuration, NTP synchronizes system clocks, and SNMP provides network monitoring and management. DNS is therefore essential for making network services accessible through meaningful names rather than requiring users to remember numerical IP addresses.

Question 368

Which routing protocol is classified as a link-state interior gateway protocol?

1. RIP
2. BGP
3. OSPF
4. EIGRP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state interior gateway protocol. OSPF routers exchange link-state information and maintain a link-state database representing the topology of their area. Each router independently runs the Shortest Path First algorithm to calculate the best paths. OSPF supports hierarchical designs using areas and provides fast convergence compared with traditional distance-vector protocols. RIP is a distance-vector protocol, EIGRP is an advanced distance-vector protocol, and BGP is an exterior gateway protocol. OSPF is therefore the correct link-state IGP.

Question 369

Which Cisco security feature helps prevent unauthorized DHCP servers from responding to clients on a switch network?

1. DHCP Snooping
2. Port Security
3. Root Guard
4. IP Source Guard

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

DHCP Snooping helps protect a switched network from unauthorized or rogue DHCP servers. The feature classifies switch interfaces as trusted or untrusted. DHCP server responses are normally permitted only through trusted interfaces, preventing unauthorized devices connected to untrusted ports from acting as DHCP servers. DHCP Snooping can also build a binding database containing IP addresses, MAC addresses, VLANs, and interfaces. Other security mechanisms address different threats: Port Security controls MAC addresses, Root Guard protects STP topology, and IP Source Guard validates source information.

Question 370

Which BGP feature allows an administrator to attach a numerical tag to routes for policy-based classification?

1. AS Path
2. Community
3. Weight
4. Router ID

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

BGP Communities are attributes that allow routes to be tagged so they can be identified and processed consistently by routing policies. Administrators can assign standard or extended communities and then use route policies to match those tags and perform actions such as changing Local Preference, controlling advertisement, or modifying routing behavior. Communities are particularly useful when the same policy needs to be applied to many prefixes. AS Path records autonomous systems traversed, Weight is locally significant, and Router ID identifies the BGP speaker.

Question 371

Which protocol provides secure command-line management of network devices over an encrypted connection?

1. Telnet
2. FTP
3. SSH
4. TFTP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Secure Shell (SSH) provides encrypted remote command-line access to network devices. It protects administrator credentials and management traffic from simple interception by providing encryption and authentication. SSH is commonly preferred over Telnet because Telnet sends management information without comparable encryption. FTP and TFTP are primarily file-transfer protocols and are not intended to provide interactive device management. In enterprise networks, SSH is an important component of secure infrastructure administration because it protects remote management sessions across potentially untrusted networks.

Question 372

Which OSPF message type is used to request specific link-state information from a neighboring router?

1. Database Description
2. Link-State Request
3. Link-State Update
4. Hello

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

An OSPF Link-State Request (LSR) packet is used when a router needs specific link-state information from a neighbor. During adjacency formation and database synchronization, routers compare their link-state databases and use LSR messages to request LSAs that are missing or outdated. The neighbor responds with a Link-State Update containing the requested information. Hello packets establish and maintain neighbor relationships, while Database Description packets summarize database contents. LSR is therefore specifically used to request particular link-state information during OSPF database synchronization.

Question 373

Which technology provides redundant default-gateway functionality by allowing multiple routers to represent a virtual gateway address?

1. HSRP
2. STP
3. VTP
4. SPAN

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) provides first-hop redundancy by allowing multiple routers to participate in a virtual gateway group. Hosts use a virtual IP address as their default gateway rather than depending directly on one physical router. One router typically operates as the active router while another remains ready to take over if the active router fails. This improves gateway availability without requiring hosts to change their configuration. STP prevents Layer 2 loops, VTP manages VLAN information, and SPAN provides traffic monitoring.

Question 374

Which technology allows multiple equal-cost routes to be installed and used for forwarding?

1. Route summarization
2. ECMP
3. PBR
4. NAT

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

Equal-Cost Multipath (ECMP) allows a router to install multiple routes to the same destination when those routes have equal routing cost. Traffic can then be distributed across the available paths according to the platform’s forwarding behavior. ECMP improves link utilization and can provide redundancy without requiring one path to remain completely idle. Route summarization reduces the number of routing entries, PBR applies policy-based forwarding decisions, and NAT translates addresses. ECMP is therefore the appropriate technology for using multiple equal-cost paths simultaneously.

Question 375

Which protocol provides centralized network monitoring by allowing a management system to query device information using managed objects?

1. SNMP
2. DNS
3. DHCP
4. NTP

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) provides a framework for monitoring and managing network devices. A network management system can query managed objects exposed by devices and collect information such as interface statistics, CPU utilization, memory usage, and operational status. SNMP can also support notifications such as traps and informs for selected events. DNS resolves names, DHCP provides network configuration, and NTP synchronizes time. SNMP is therefore widely used by network monitoring platforms to collect operational information from routers, switches, wireless devices, and other infrastructure.

Question 376

Which BGP attribute is used to determine the preferred exit point from an autonomous system and is normally advertised to internal BGP peers?

1. MED
2. AS Path
3. Local Preference
4. Origin

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

Local Preference is a BGP attribute used to influence the preferred outbound exit point from an autonomous system. It is normally propagated through iBGP within the autonomous system, allowing multiple routers to agree on the preferred external connection. Higher Local Preference values are preferred during BGP path selection. MED, in contrast, is primarily used to influence how another autonomous system selects an entry point, while AS Path represents autonomous systems traversed. Local Preference is therefore a key attribute for controlling outbound traffic across multiple external connections.

Question 377

Which IPv6 address prefix is reserved for link-local unicast addresses?

1. FC00::/7
2. FE80::/10
3. FF00::/8
4. 2000::/3

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation

IPv6 link-local unicast addresses use the FE80::/10 prefix. These addresses are automatically available on IPv6-enabled interfaces and are used for communication within the local Layer 2 link. Link-local addresses are essential for Neighbor Discovery and can also be used by routing protocols for communication with directly connected neighbors. FC00::/7 represents unique local addresses, FF00::/8 is used for multicast addresses, and 2000::/3 represents global unicast space. FE80::/10 is therefore the correct prefix for IPv6 link-local addressing.

Question 378

Which network device function separates a Layer 2 broadcast domain?

1. Switch
2. Hub
3. Router
4. Repeater

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

A router separates Layer 2 broadcast domains because broadcast traffic is not normally forwarded between its interfaces. Each routed interface represents a separate Layer 3 network and therefore creates a boundary between broadcast domains. Switches normally forward broadcasts within a VLAN, while hubs and repeaters operate at lower layers and do not provide Layer 3 broadcast-domain separation. VLANs can create multiple broadcast domains on a switch, but communication between those VLANs requires a Layer 3 device such as a router or multilayer switch.

Question 379

Which protocol is commonly used to export summarized information about network traffic flows rather than complete packet captures?

1. NetFlow
2. SPAN
3. TFTP
4. CDP

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation

NetFlow provides information about network traffic flows, including details such as source and destination addresses, ports, protocols, packet counts, and byte counts. Instead of copying complete packets, NetFlow summarizes communication patterns, making it useful for traffic analysis, capacity planning, accounting, and security monitoring. SPAN can mirror actual traffic to another interface for packet-level inspection, while TFTP handles file transfers and CDP discovers Cisco neighbors. NetFlow is therefore well suited for understanding who is communicating across a network and how much traffic different flows generate.

Question 380

Which automation protocol provides a structured mechanism for retrieving and modifying configuration data using HTTPS and REST-style operations?

1. TFTP
2. SNMP
3. RESTCONF
4. Syslog

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation

RESTCONF is a network management protocol that exposes configuration and operational data through REST-style APIs, commonly using HTTPS. It works with YANG data models to provide structured representations of network configuration and state information. RESTCONF supports operations such as retrieving, creating, modifying, and deleting resources through HTTP methods. This makes it useful for modern automation applications and controller-based management. TFTP is a basic file-transfer protocol, SNMP focuses on monitoring and management objects, and Syslog transports event messages rather than configuration resources.