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Q221. Which OSPF LSA type describes the state and cost of a router’s interfaces within an OSPF area?

1) Type 1
2) Type 2
3) Type 3
4) Type 5

Correct Answer: 1) Type 1

Explanation:
OSPF Type 1 LSAs are Router LSAs and are generated by every OSPF router. They describe the router’s interfaces, connected links, link states, and associated costs within the area. Every OSPF router maintains these LSAs in its link-state database and uses the information to build a topology view of the area. Type 2 LSAs are generated by Designated Routers on multiaccess networks, while Type 3 LSAs are generated by ABRs to advertise inter-area networks. Type 5 LSAs describe external routes redistributed into OSPF. Therefore, Type 1 is the correct choice when identifying the LSA that describes a router’s own links and state.

Q222. What happens when an OSPF router receives a Type 2 LSA from a Designated Router?

1) It describes an external route
2) It describes a transit multiaccess network
3) It creates an EIGRP neighbor
4) It identifies a BGP route reflector

Correct Answer: 2) It describes a transit multiaccess network

Explanation:
OSPF Type 2 LSAs, called Network LSAs, are generated by the Designated Router on multiaccess networks such as Ethernet segments. The Type 2 LSA identifies the routers attached to that segment and represents the multiaccess network within the OSPF link-state database. This information helps OSPF accurately represent the topology without requiring every router on the segment to generate individual network descriptions. DR election is therefore important on broadcast multiaccess networks. Type 1 LSAs describe individual routers, Type 3 LSAs advertise networks between areas, and Type 5 LSAs describe external routes. Type 2 specifically represents the transit multiaccess network.

Q223. Which OSPF feature allows an interface to avoid becoming a DR or BDR while still participating in OSPF?

1) Passive interface
2) Point-to-point network type
3) Stub area
4) Default route

Correct Answer: 2) Point-to-point network type

Explanation:
An OSPF point-to-point network type does not require a Designated Router or Backup Designated Router because the link connects two routers directly. This eliminates the need for a DR/BDR election while still allowing the routers to form an OSPF adjacency and exchange routing information. This network type is commonly associated with dedicated point-to-point links. A passive interface has a different purpose: it prevents OSPF hello packets from being sent while allowing the connected network to be advertised. Therefore, when the requirement is specifically to participate in OSPF without DR/BDR election, the point-to-point network type is the appropriate answer.

Q224. Which EIGRP feature reduces the amount of query propagation in a hub-and-spoke topology?

1) EIGRP stub
2) Variance
3) Route poisoning
4) Feasible distance

Correct Answer: 1) EIGRP stub

Explanation:
EIGRP stub routing helps limit query propagation and is particularly useful in hub-and-spoke topologies. A spoke router usually does not need to provide transit routing information to other routers. Configuring it as an EIGRP stub informs the hub that the spoke should not be treated as a transit router for arbitrary destinations. When a route becomes unavailable, this can significantly reduce the number of EIGRP queries sent through the network. Reduced query scope improves convergence behavior and lowers control-plane overhead. EIGRP stub can also be configured to advertise selected route types, giving administrators additional control over route propagation.

Q225. Which EIGRP metric component generally represents the delay associated with a route?

1) Bandwidth
2) Delay
3) MTU only
4) Hop count only

Correct Answer: 2) Delay

Explanation:
Delay is one of the primary components used by EIGRP when calculating its composite metric. EIGRP traditionally considers bandwidth and delay by default, while other metric components such as reliability and load can be included when K-values are configured accordingly. Delay represents the cumulative delay associated with the interfaces along a path. It is important to understand that EIGRP does not simply select a route based on the lowest delay alone; it uses the configured metric formula. Bandwidth also plays a major role in the calculation. Administrators can inspect EIGRP metrics when troubleshooting unexpected path selection or comparing multiple available routes.

Q226. Which BGP attribute is normally preferred when its value is higher during the BGP best-path selection process?

1) Local Preference
2) MED
3) IGP metric only
4) AS_PATH length

Correct Answer: 1) Local Preference

Explanation:
BGP generally prefers a higher Local Preference value when comparing routes that have reached the Local Preference stage of best-path selection. Local Preference is an internal BGP attribute used to influence outbound traffic decisions within an autonomous system. Organizations commonly assign a higher Local Preference to routes learned through a preferred Internet or WAN connection. This causes internal BGP routers to favor that exit path. In contrast, a shorter AS_PATH is preferred, and a lower MED is generally preferred when applicable. Understanding which attributes prefer higher versus lower values is essential when troubleshooting BGP route selection and implementing traffic-engineering policies.

Q227. Which BGP attribute is commonly used to prefer one exit path over another within a single Cisco router?

1) Weight
2) MED
3) Community
4) Origin

Correct Answer: 1) Weight

Explanation:
BGP Weight is a Cisco-specific attribute that influences route selection locally on a single router. A higher Weight value is preferred. Unlike Local Preference, Weight is not propagated to other BGP routers. This makes it useful when an administrator wants one particular router to prefer a specific BGP path without affecting the decisions made by other routers in the autonomous system. For example, an administrator can assign a higher Weight to routes learned from a preferred neighbor. Because Weight is local to the router, it can provide very specific control over BGP path selection. It is evaluated early in Cisco’s BGP best-path process.

Q228. What is the purpose of the BGP AS_PATH attribute?

1) Identify the sequence of autonomous systems a route has traversed
2) Encrypt BGP updates
3) Assign an MPLS label
4) Identify an OSPF area

Correct Answer: 1) Identify the sequence of autonomous systems a route has traversed

Explanation:
The BGP AS_PATH attribute records the autonomous systems through which a route advertisement has passed. When an eBGP router advertises a route to another autonomous system, its own AS number is added to the AS_PATH. This attribute serves two major purposes: it helps prevent routing loops and influences BGP path selection. In general, a shorter AS_PATH is preferred when other higher-priority attributes are equal. Administrators can also manipulate AS_PATH to influence inbound traffic by using techniques such as AS-path prepending. Understanding AS_PATH is therefore important for both BGP loop prevention and traffic-engineering strategies.

Q229. Which BGP design feature allows a route reflector to exchange routes with specially designated client routers?

1) Route reflection
2) OSPF summarization
3) EIGRP stub
4) MPLS PHP

Correct Answer: 1) Route reflection

Explanation:
BGP route reflection allows selected routers to act as route reflectors for designated clients. This architecture reduces the need for a full-mesh iBGP topology. In a traditional iBGP design, routes learned from one iBGP neighbor are not normally advertised to another iBGP neighbor, creating the need for extensive peering as the network grows. Route reflectors overcome this scalability problem by reflecting selected routes between clients and other BGP speakers. This is especially useful in large enterprise and service-provider environments. Route reflection does not change BGP into an IGP; it simply provides a scalable method for distributing iBGP routing information.

Q230. Which MPLS label operation removes the top label from a packet before forwarding it toward the next router?

1) Push
2) Swap
3) Pop
4) Mark

Correct Answer: 3) Pop

Explanation:
MPLS uses several fundamental label operations: push, swap, and pop. A push operation adds a label to a packet, while a swap operation replaces an existing label with another label. A pop operation removes the top MPLS label from the packet. Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) is a common MPLS optimization in which the router immediately before the egress router removes the outer label. This reduces the amount of label processing required by the egress router. Understanding these operations helps when analyzing MPLS forwarding tables and troubleshooting label-switched paths across provider networks.

Q231. Which protocol is commonly used by MPLS routers to establish label distribution relationships?

1) LDP
2) DHCP
3) ARP
4) FTP

Correct Answer: 1) LDP

Explanation:
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) is commonly used to establish label distribution relationships between MPLS-enabled routers. LDP allows routers to exchange label bindings that associate forwarding information with MPLS labels. These bindings help routers construct label-switched paths through the network. LDP normally relies on an underlying IGP such as OSPF or IS-IS for IP reachability. The IGP determines the routing topology, while LDP distributes labels associated with those routes. When troubleshooting MPLS, administrators often examine LDP neighbor relationships, label bindings, and the MPLS forwarding table to determine whether labels are being correctly learned and installed.

Q232. Which VRF feature allows routes from one VRF to be made available to another VRF?

1) Route leaking
2) Split horizon
3) Route poisoning
4) DR election

Correct Answer: 1) Route leaking

Explanation:
VRF route leaking allows selected routes from one VRF to become reachable from another VRF. Normally, VRFs provide separate routing tables, which prevents direct route sharing between them. However, certain network designs require controlled communication between otherwise isolated routing domains. Route leaking can be implemented through mechanisms such as route targets in MPLS VPN environments or specific local routing configurations depending on the design. The important concept is that route leaking should be selective and policy-driven rather than accidentally merging the routing tables. This capability is useful when shared services, management networks, or specific applications need controlled connectivity between separate VRFs.

Q233. Which command is useful for verifying the IPsec Security Association on a Cisco router?

1) show crypto ipsec sa
2) show ip ospf neighbor
3) show ip eigrp topology
4) show mpls ldp discovery

Correct Answer: 1) show crypto ipsec sa

Explanation:
The show crypto ipsec sa command provides detailed information about IPsec Security Associations. It can be used to verify whether IPsec is successfully processing encrypted traffic. The output can include information such as local and remote traffic selectors, transform information, encapsulation and decapsulation counters, and packet statistics. Increasing encryption and decryption counters can help confirm that traffic is actually passing through the IPsec tunnel. This command is particularly useful when a tunnel appears established but application traffic is not working correctly. Administrators can use it together with commands such as show crypto ikev2 sa when troubleshooting the complete VPN negotiation process.

Q234. Which component of an IPsec VPN negotiates the security parameters and establishes the initial secure control relationship?

1) IKE
2) NHRP
3) LDP
4) SNMP

Correct Answer: 1) IKE

Explanation:
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is responsible for negotiating security parameters and establishing the control relationship used for IPsec communication. IKE negotiates items such as authentication methods, encryption algorithms, integrity mechanisms, and key-management information. After successful negotiation, the resulting security associations provide the parameters used to protect data traffic with IPsec. IKEv2 is widely used in modern deployments because it provides improved negotiation and operational capabilities compared with older IKE versions. NHRP has a different role in DMVPN, while LDP is associated with MPLS label distribution. Understanding the distinction between IKE negotiation and IPsec data protection is essential for VPN troubleshooting.

Q235. Which network-management technology can export flow information to a collector for traffic analysis?

1) NetFlow
2) STP
3) HSRP
4) OSPF

Correct Answer: 1) NetFlow

Explanation:
NetFlow can collect and export information about network traffic flows to a monitoring or analysis system. A flow record can contain details such as source and destination IP addresses, transport-layer ports, protocol information, interface identifiers, packet counts, and byte counts. A NetFlow collector can analyze this information to identify traffic patterns, top talkers, bandwidth utilization, and unusual activity. NetFlow does not normally provide the complete packet contents; it provides summarized flow metadata. This makes it useful for capacity planning and troubleshooting without requiring full packet capture. Flexible NetFlow can provide additional customization of the fields collected and exported.

Q236. Which IPv6 routing protocol uses OSPF link-state concepts for IPv6 networks?

1) OSPFv3
2) RIPv1
3) FTP
4) DHCPv4

Correct Answer: 1) OSPFv3

Explanation:
OSPFv3 provides OSPF-based link-state routing for IPv6 networks. It maintains the fundamental OSPF concepts of neighbor relationships, link-state databases, areas, and shortest-path calculations while adapting the protocol for IPv6. OSPFv3 routers exchange routing information using IPv6 and commonly use link-local addresses for neighbor communication. Administrators troubleshooting OSPFv3 should therefore verify IPv6 addressing, interface activation, area configuration, neighbor relationships, and the OSPFv3 database. OSPFv2 is designed primarily for IPv4 routing, whereas OSPFv3 is the protocol normally associated with IPv6 OSPF deployments. This distinction is important in dual-stack network environments.

Q237. Which command can display OSPF neighbor relationships on a Cisco router?

1) show ip ospf neighbor
2) show ip bgp summary
3) show crypto ipsec sa
4) show mpls forwarding-table

Correct Answer: 1) show ip ospf neighbor

Explanation:
The show ip ospf neighbor command displays information about OSPF neighbor relationships. It can show the neighbor router ID, neighbor address, state, interface, and other information useful for troubleshooting adjacency formation. A fully established OSPF adjacency typically reaches the Full state, although routers on certain network types may maintain different states because of DR/BDR behavior. If an expected neighbor is missing, administrators can investigate areas, network types, authentication, timers, IP connectivity, and passive-interface configuration. This command is therefore one of the first tools to use when an OSPF route is missing or when two routers fail to establish an expected adjacency.

Q238. Which command displays EIGRP neighbor information and the interfaces through which neighbors are reachable?

1) show ip eigrp neighbors
2) show ip ospf database
3) show ip bgp
4) show crypto ikev2 sa

Correct Answer: 1) show ip eigrp neighbors

Explanation:
The show ip eigrp neighbors command displays the EIGRP neighbor table. It provides information such as the neighbor’s address, interface, hold time, uptime, and other operational details depending on the Cisco platform. This command is particularly useful when troubleshooting EIGRP adjacency problems. If an expected neighbor does not appear, the administrator can check whether EIGRP is enabled on the correct interface, whether the routers are in the same autonomous system, whether authentication matches, and whether IP connectivity exists. The neighbor table is different from the EIGRP topology table, which contains route information and successor or feasible-successor details.

Q239. Which BGP attribute can be modified by AS-path prepending to make a route appear less attractive to external BGP neighbors?

1) AS_PATH
2) Weight
3) Router ID
4) Local Preference

Correct Answer: 1) AS_PATH

Explanation:
AS-path prepending intentionally adds additional copies of an autonomous system number to the AS_PATH attribute of an advertised route. Because BGP generally prefers a shorter AS_PATH when other relevant attributes are equal, a prepended path can appear less attractive to external networks. This technique is commonly used to influence inbound traffic. For example, an organization with two Internet providers may prepend its AS number when advertising a prefix through the less-preferred provider. AS-path prepending does not guarantee a particular inbound path because the remote network may use other BGP attributes in its decision process. It is therefore a policy-influencing mechanism rather than an absolute routing command.

Q240. Which administrative distance is commonly associated with an EIGRP internal route on Cisco IOS?

1) 90
2) 110
3) 120
4) 170

Correct Answer: 1) 90

Explanation:
Cisco commonly assigns an administrative distance of 90 to internal EIGRP routes. Administrative distance represents the trustworthiness of the routing source when a router receives routes to the same destination from different routing protocols. Lower values are preferred. Internal EIGRP therefore has an administrative distance of 90, while OSPF commonly uses 110 and RIP commonly uses 120. External EIGRP routes have a higher administrative distance of 170. These values are important when troubleshooting route selection because a router may prefer a route from one protocol even if another protocol has a seemingly attractive metric. Administrative distance is considered before comparing protocol-specific metrics across different routing protocols.