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Question 121.

Which protocol is designed for streaming telemetry?

1. SNMP
2. Syslog
3. gNMI
4. FTP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

gNMI, or gRPC Network Management Interface, is commonly used for modern network management and streaming telemetry. It allows clients to subscribe to structured operational data and receive updates as values change. This differs from traditional polling approaches where a monitoring system repeatedly requests information. gNMI commonly works with YANG-modeled data and can support both configuration and telemetry functions. SNMP is widely used for traditional network monitoring, Syslog transports event messages, and FTP provides file transfer. Streaming telemetry can provide more timely and granular visibility into network behavior.

Question 122.

Which Ansible keyword identifies the target device group?

1. hosts
2. become
3. handlers
4. vars

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The Ansible hosts keyword specifies which inventory hosts or groups a play should target. For network automation, this allows a playbook to apply tasks to selected routers, switches, firewalls, or other managed devices. The targeted group is normally defined in the Ansible inventory. become controls privilege escalation, handlers defines event-triggered tasks, and vars supplies variables. Correctly defining the target group is important because an automation playbook can potentially modify many devices at once. Inventory organization and host selection should therefore be carefully controlled.

Question 123.

Which data format is commonly returned by REST APIs?

1. YAML
2. CSV
3. JSON
4. TXT

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

JSON is one of the most common data formats used by REST APIs. It represents structured information using objects, arrays, key-value pairs, strings, numbers, and other supported data types. Network automation scripts frequently parse JSON responses to obtain device identifiers, interface attributes, status information, or configuration details. JSON is also widely supported by programming languages and automation frameworks. YAML is frequently used for configuration files, CSV represents tabular data, and TXT contains unstructured text. Using structured JSON responses reduces the need for fragile command-line output parsing.

Question 124.

Which NETCONF datastore contains active device configuration?

1. candidate
2. running
3. startup
4. backup

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The NETCONF running datastore represents the configuration currently active on the device. Automation clients can retrieve or modify supported configuration elements in this datastore according to the device’s NETCONF capabilities. Some platforms also provide candidate and startup datastores. Candidate can hold proposed changes before they are committed, while startup generally represents configuration used during boot. A backup datastore is not a standard NETCONF datastore. Understanding datastore roles is essential when designing automation workflows that must safely stage, validate, commit, or retrieve configuration.

Question 125.

Which Python method adds an item to a list?

1. append()
2. extendmap()
3. insertall()
4. pushitem()

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

Python’s append() method adds a single item to the end of an existing list. Network automation scripts commonly use lists to maintain device names, interface records, collected results, or task outputs. For example, a script can append each successfully processed device to a results list during an execution loop. Python also provides other list methods, but the invented methods in the other options are not standard Python list operations. Understanding basic collection operations is important when building automation scripts that process multiple network devices and aggregate their results.

Question 126.

Which HTTP method normally retrieves an existing resource?

1. POST
2. GET
3. PATCH
4. DELETE

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The HTTP GET method is normally used to retrieve information from an API resource without requesting a modification. In network automation, GET requests can retrieve device inventories, interface details, operational statistics, configuration objects, or policy information from controller platforms. POST commonly creates resources or initiates operations, PATCH partially modifies resources, and DELETE requests resource removal. Automation clients should use the method expected by the API documentation because different controllers can implement resource operations differently. Correct HTTP method selection helps scripts interact predictably with REST-based management systems.

Question 127.

What does a webhook allow an application to receive?

1. Scheduled backups
2. Push notifications
3. Local shell commands
4. Hardware interrupts

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

A webhook allows one application or service to send event information to another application through an HTTP request. Instead of repeatedly polling an API to determine whether something happened, the receiving system can wait for a notification when the event occurs. In network automation, webhooks can trigger workflows after events such as configuration changes, device alerts, or controller notifications. The receiving endpoint processes the incoming payload and can initiate appropriate automation. Webhooks therefore support event-driven integrations and can reduce unnecessary periodic polling.

Question 128.

Which tool helps inspect Python package dependencies?

1. pip
2. ping
3. traceroute
4. nslookup

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

pip is Python’s commonly used package-management tool and can install, upgrade, remove, and inspect Python packages. Automation projects often depend on libraries for API communication, SSH access, parsing, testing, or controller integration. Commands such as pip list can help identify installed packages and their versions, while dependency files can document required packages for reproducible environments. Ping, traceroute, and nslookup are network troubleshooting utilities rather than Python package-management tools. Managing dependencies carefully helps ensure that automation scripts behave consistently across development and execution environments.

Question 129.

Which Ansible feature promotes reusable automation components?

1. Roles
2. Packets
3. Routes
4. Sockets

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

Ansible roles organize related variables, tasks, handlers, templates, files, and metadata into reusable structures. A role can represent a repeatable automation function, such as configuring a routing feature, applying a standardized interface policy, or preparing monitoring settings. This organization reduces duplicated playbook logic and makes larger automation projects easier to maintain. Roles can be reused across multiple playbooks and environments while variables provide device-specific values. Packets, routes, and sockets are networking concepts and are not Ansible mechanisms for organizing reusable automation code.

Question 130.

Which Python construct repeats actions across collection items?

1. switch-case
2. for loop
3. goto block
4. event label

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

A Python for loop iterates over items in an iterable such as a list, tuple, dictionary, or generated sequence. This is especially useful in network automation because a single workflow may need to process dozens or thousands of devices. For example, a loop can examine each device record, perform validation, and collect the result. Python’s loop structure supports straightforward iteration without duplicating the same code for every item. The other options are not standard Python constructs for ordinary collection iteration, making the for loop the appropriate mechanism.

Question 131.

Which mechanism stores API authentication tokens securely?

1. Source comments
2. Public repository
3. Secret vault
4. Console banner

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

A secret vault provides a protected mechanism for storing sensitive credentials such as API tokens, passwords, and private keys. Automation workflows can retrieve required secrets at runtime rather than embedding them directly inside scripts or configuration repositories. This approach reduces exposure through source control, shared files, and accidental code disclosure. Access controls, auditing, and credential rotation can further improve protection. Source comments and public repositories should never be treated as secure credential stores. Console banners are informational and have no appropriate role in protecting authentication secrets.

Question 132.

What does a REST API endpoint identify?

1. A resource location
2. A physical cable
3. A routing protocol
4. A CPU instruction

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

A REST API endpoint identifies a location through which a client can interact with a particular resource or operation. For network controllers, endpoints may represent devices, interfaces, users, policies, sites, or other managed objects. The client combines the endpoint with an appropriate HTTP method and, when required, parameters or request data. This provides a structured interface between automation software and the management platform. Physical cables, routing protocols, and CPU instructions are unrelated to the purpose of a REST endpoint. Clear endpoint structures make API-based automation easier to understand and maintain.

Question 133.

Which HTTP code represents an unauthorized request?

1. 200
2. 301
3. 401
4. 503

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

HTTP status code 401 indicates that authentication credentials are missing, invalid, or otherwise insufficient for the requested operation. In network automation, a script may receive a 401 response when an API token has expired, credentials are incorrect, or authentication information was not included correctly. This differs from 403, where the server recognizes the request but refuses access because authorization is insufficient. Status 200 represents successful processing, 301 indicates redirection, and 503 indicates temporary service unavailability. Automation should handle authentication failures separately from transport or server errors.

Question 134.

Which Git operation combines changes from another branch?

1. clone
2. merge
3. init
4. log

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The Git merge operation combines changes from one branch into another branch. Network automation teams can use branches to develop and test modifications independently before integrating approved changes into a primary branch. Merging preserves the repository history and may require conflict resolution when different branches modify overlapping content. clone copies a repository, init creates a new Git repository, and log displays commit history. Using version control operations such as branching and merging provides traceability and supports collaborative development of automation scripts and configuration templates.

Question 135.

Which approach compares actual and intended network state?

1. State reconciliation
2. Packet flooding
3. Port scanning
4. Address translation

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

State reconciliation compares the current state of infrastructure with an intended or desired state and determines whether changes are required. This approach is central to declarative automation because the automation system focuses on achieving the specified outcome rather than blindly executing commands. For example, a workflow might compare an interface’s configured attributes with a defined policy and update only values that differ. Packet flooding, port scanning, and address translation serve different networking purposes. Reconciliation can improve consistency and make repeated automation runs safer and more predictable.

Question 136.

Which testing type verifies a complete automation workflow?

1. Syntax testing
2. Unit testing
3. End-to-end testing
4. Formatting testing

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

End-to-end testing evaluates a complete workflow across its major components. For network automation, this could include loading input data, authenticating to a controller, retrieving device information, applying changes, and validating the resulting state. Unlike unit testing, which focuses on isolated functions or components, end-to-end testing examines how the overall process behaves together. Syntax and formatting checks can identify simpler problems but do not demonstrate that an entire automation workflow works correctly. End-to-end tests are particularly useful before deploying significant automation changes into production environments.

Question 137.

Which mechanism records application execution events?

1. Logging
2. Compilation
3. Serialization
4. Compression

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

Logging records information about application execution, including events, errors, warnings, processing results, and useful diagnostic details. Network automation scripts should use appropriate logging so engineers can understand what occurred during an execution without relying entirely on interactive output. Logs can help identify failed devices, API errors, authentication problems, timing issues, or unexpected responses. Compilation transforms source code into another executable representation, serialization converts data into a storable or transferable form, and compression reduces data size. Logging directly supports troubleshooting, auditing, and operational visibility.

Question 138.

Which API feature limits returned fields to needed data?

1. Field projection
2. Packet encapsulation
3. Route summarization
4. Frame padding

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

Field projection allows an API client to request only selected fields from a resource when the API supports that capability. Returning only required attributes can reduce response size, simplify processing, and improve efficiency for automation workflows. For example, a script that only needs device identifiers and management addresses does not necessarily need every available device attribute. Route summarization concerns routing information, packet encapsulation concerns protocol headers and payloads, and frame padding concerns frame size requirements. Field projection is therefore directly associated with controlling the information returned by an API.

Question 139.

What is a major benefit of asynchronous automation?

1. Parallel task handling
2. Manual configuration
3. Static addressing
4. Offline documentation

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

Asynchronous automation can allow multiple operations to progress without requiring one slow operation to block all other work. This can be valuable when automation communicates with many devices or APIs where network latency and response time vary. Instead of waiting synchronously for every operation before beginning another, an asynchronous workflow can manage multiple outstanding tasks and process results as they become available. This can improve throughput when implemented appropriately. Manual configuration, static addressing, and offline documentation are not inherent benefits of asynchronous execution.

Question 140.

Which practice validates changes before production deployment?

1. Immediate execution
2. Production-only testing
3. Preproduction validation
4. Unreviewed commits

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

Preproduction validation provides an opportunity to test automation changes in a controlled environment before applying them to production infrastructure. Validation can include configuration checks, API testing, functional verification, rollback testing, and inspection of expected device state. This helps identify problems while the potential impact remains limited. Production-only testing increases operational risk because errors are discovered after changes reach live systems. Immediate execution and unreviewed commits also remove useful control points. A structured preproduction stage therefore supports safer and more repeatable network automation deployment.