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Question 361

Which OSPF LSA describes routes within the originating area?

1. Type 1
2. Type 3
3. Type 5
4. Type 7

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

A Type 1 OSPF LSA, also called a Router LSA, describes the links and associated information for a router within its originating area. Every OSPF router generates this type of LSA to describe its local topology information. Other LSA types serve different purposes. Type 3 LSAs are associated with inter-area network information, Type 5 LSAs describe external routes, and Type 7 LSAs are used for external routes originated within an NSSA. Router LSAs therefore provide fundamental intra-area topology information used when OSPF calculates paths within an area.

Question 362

Which OSPF LSA represents inter-area network information?

1. Type 5
2. Type 3
3. Type 1
4. Type 7

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

Type 3 OSPF LSAs, commonly called Summary LSAs, are used by an Area Border Router to advertise network information from one area into another area. They allow routers in different OSPF areas to learn about reachable networks outside their own area without receiving the complete internal topology database of those other areas. Type 1 describes router information within an area, Type 5 carries external route information, and Type 7 is associated with external routes inside an NSSA. Type 3 therefore provides an important mechanism for inter-area reachability.

Question 363

Which OSPF LSA carries autonomous-system external routes?

1. Type 3
2. Type 1
3. Type 5
4. Type 2

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

A Type 5 OSPF LSA advertises external routes that have been introduced into the OSPF routing domain through redistribution or another external route source. These LSAs are normally flooded throughout the OSPF autonomous system, except into areas where external LSAs are specifically restricted. Type 1 describes router information, Type 2 represents network information associated with designated-router operation, and Type 3 carries inter-area network information. Type 5 is therefore the standard OSPF LSA used for advertising autonomous-system external routes.

Question 364

Which OSPF LSA represents a broadcast segment’s designated router?

1. Type 2
2. Type 4
3. Type 6
4. Type 8

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

A Type 2 OSPF LSA, known as a Network LSA, is generated by the designated router on a broadcast or non-broadcast multiaccess segment. It represents the multiaccess network and identifies the routers attached to that segment. This reduces the amount of individual adjacency information that would otherwise need to be represented between every pair of routers on the shared network. Type 1 LSAs describe individual routers, while other LSA types have different purposes. Type 2 therefore specifically represents the shared network segment through its designated router.

Question 365

Which OSPF LSA identifies an ASBR from another area?

1. Type 3
2. Type 4
3. Type 5
4. Type 7

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

A Type 4 OSPF LSA, known as an ASBR Summary LSA, provides reachability information for an Autonomous System Boundary Router from outside the ASBR’s area. This allows routers in other areas to determine how to reach the ASBR that originates external routes. Type 3 LSAs describe inter-area network reachability, while Type 5 LSAs carry the actual external routes. Type 7 LSAs serve a specialized external-route role within NSSAs. Type 4 is therefore important for locating an ASBR when external destinations are reachable through that router.

Question 366

Which IS-IS metric style supports values larger than narrow metrics?

1. Narrow metrics
2. Wide metrics
3. Legacy metrics
4. Default metrics

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

IS-IS wide metrics provide a substantially larger metric range than traditional narrow metrics. They are useful in modern networks where more granular path-cost values are required. Wide metrics are carried using appropriate IS-IS TLV information and support greater flexibility when designing routing policies and topology costs. Narrow metrics have a more limited range because of their historical format. Legacy and default metrics are not separate modern metric formats equivalent to wide metrics. Wide metrics therefore provide the expanded metric capability needed for larger or more precisely engineered IS-IS networks.

Question 367

Which IS-IS packet establishes and maintains neighbor adjacencies?

1. LSP
2. CSNP
3. IIH
4. PSNP

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

IS-IS uses IIH, or IS-IS Hello, packets to establish and maintain neighbor adjacencies. Routers exchange these messages to identify neighboring systems and verify that the adjacency remains operational. The information carried by IIH messages supports the relationship required for subsequent link-state database synchronization and routing exchange. LSPs carry link-state information, CSNPs summarize database contents, and PSNPs acknowledge or request selected LSP information. IIH is therefore the packet type directly associated with discovering and maintaining IS-IS neighboring relationships.

Question 368

Which IS-IS level connects separate routing areas together?

1. Level 1
2. Level 2
3. Level 0
4. Level 3

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

IS-IS Level 2 routing provides connectivity between different IS-IS areas. Level 2 routers form the backbone of an IS-IS routing domain and maintain information needed to reach destinations located in other areas. Level 1 routing primarily handles routing within an individual area. This hierarchical structure allows IS-IS to scale by separating intra-area knowledge from broader inter-area connectivity. Levels 0 and 3 are not standard IS-IS routing levels. Level 2 is therefore the mechanism responsible for inter-area routing within an IS-IS domain.

Question 369

Which BGP attribute indicates a route was formed through aggregation?

1. Originator ID
2. Atomic Aggregate
3. Cluster List
4. Next Hop

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The Atomic Aggregate attribute indicates that a BGP speaker has aggregated routes and may have discarded some specific path information during that aggregation. Its presence informs downstream BGP speakers that the aggregate route may not preserve every detail associated with the original component routes. Originator ID and Cluster List are associated with route reflection, while Next Hop identifies the address used to reach a BGP route. Atomic Aggregate therefore provides information about the nature of an aggregated BGP route rather than identifying a neighbor or reflected-route origin.

Question 370

Which BGP attribute identifies the original router after reflection?

1. Cluster List
2. Community
3. Originator ID
4. Atomic Aggregate

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

The BGP Originator ID attribute identifies the original internal BGP router that originated a route before it was reflected by a route reflector. This information assists with loop prevention and route-reflection processing. Cluster List serves a related but different purpose by recording the route-reflector cluster identifiers through which the route has passed. Community provides policy tagging, while Atomic Aggregate indicates information about route aggregation. Originator ID is therefore specifically associated with identifying the originating router within a route-reflector environment.

Question 371

Which Junos policy action terminates processing with route acceptance?

1. Next term
2. Reject
3. Next policy
4. Accept

Correct Answer: 4

Explanation:

The accept action causes the route policy evaluation to conclude with the route being accepted when the relevant policy conditions and processing rules are satisfied. This differs from next term, which continues evaluation within the current policy, and next policy, which moves processing to another policy in a policy chain. Reject terminates processing by refusing the route. Understanding these actions is important when constructing Junos routing policies because the final action directly affects whether a route is admitted or rejected. Accept is therefore the policy action representing successful route acceptance.

Question 372

Which Junos policy action terminates processing by rejecting routes?

1. Reject
2. Accept
3. Next term
4. Next policy

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

The reject action ends policy processing for the matching route and prevents that route from being accepted by the current policy evaluation. It is commonly used when administrators want to explicitly prevent particular prefixes, protocols, communities, or other matched routes from entering a routing table or being advertised. Accept has the opposite disposition, while next term continues evaluation within the policy and next policy continues with another policy. Reject is therefore the appropriate action when a routing policy must explicitly deny a matching route.

Question 373

Which Junos policy action continues evaluation within the same policy?

1. Accept
2. Next term
3. Reject
4. Next policy

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The next term action instructs Junos policy processing to continue evaluating subsequent terms within the same routing policy. This is useful when a matching condition should not immediately produce a final accept or reject decision and later terms need to be considered. Next policy moves evaluation into another policy, while accept and reject provide terminating route dispositions. The distinction is important in complex routing-policy designs because an administrator may need multiple terms to contribute to the final decision. Next term therefore provides controlled continuation within the current policy.

Question 374

Which route type creates a destination from contributing routes?

1. Static route
2. Generated route
3. Direct route
4. Local route

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

A generated route in Junos can be created based on the presence of contributing routes. This allows a destination route to represent a broader or logical reachability condition derived from other routing information. The generated route can then participate in routing decisions according to its configuration and associated contributing routes. Static routes are manually configured, direct routes represent directly connected networks, and local routes represent addresses assigned to the device itself. Generated routes therefore provide a mechanism for creating routing information that depends on the existence of other qualifying routes.

Question 375

Which static-route feature selects an alternate forwarding next hop?

1. Qualified next hop
2. Route reflector
3. Route target
4. Prefix list

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

A qualified next hop allows a static route to specify additional next-hop information and associated preference behavior, providing greater control over which forwarding path is selected. This can be useful when multiple possible next hops exist and an administrator wants the static route to use one path preferentially while retaining another as an alternative. Route reflectors are associated with BGP scalability, Route Targets control VPN route import and export, and prefix lists match address ranges in policy. Qualified next-hop configuration therefore enhances the flexibility of static routing.

Question 376

Which firewall-filter action records matching packet statistics?

1. Reject
2. Count
3. Discard
4. Next policy

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The count action in a Junos firewall filter maintains statistics for packets matching the associated term. This allows administrators to determine how much traffic is being processed by a particular filtering condition without necessarily changing the packet’s forwarding behavior through the counter itself. Reject and discard affect packet handling, while next policy belongs to routing-policy processing rather than firewall-filter statistics. Counters are particularly useful during troubleshooting and security analysis because they provide measurable evidence that specific traffic is reaching a filter term.

Question 377

Which firewall-filter action sends matching packets to sampling infrastructure?

1. Count
2. Log
3. Sample
4. Reject

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

The sample action allows matching traffic to be processed by packet-sampling mechanisms when the relevant sampling configuration is present. This can provide additional visibility into traffic without requiring every packet to be independently analyzed by an external monitoring system. Count maintains statistics, log records matching information, and reject refuses matching traffic. Sampling is therefore useful when administrators need traffic-analysis data while limiting the amount of traffic information exported for monitoring purposes. Its usefulness depends on the broader sampling configuration and supported platform capabilities.

Question 378

Which Junos monitoring mechanism exports sampled traffic information?

1. J-Flow
2. RPM
3. Syslog
4. LLDP

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

J-Flow provides flow-monitoring capabilities based on traffic sampling and can export flow-related information to an external collector. The collected information can help administrators analyze traffic patterns, identify major sources and destinations, understand protocol usage, and support capacity planning. RPM actively probes network destinations to measure performance, Syslog records system events, and LLDP discovers neighboring devices. J-Flow therefore focuses on sampled traffic-flow visibility rather than active performance testing, event logging, or topology discovery.

Question 379

Which Junos command displays routes received from a routing peer?

1. show route advertising-protocol
2. show route receive-protocol
3. show route forwarding-table
4. show route summary

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:

The show route receive-protocol command is used to examine routing information received from a specified routing protocol peer or neighbor. This is particularly useful when troubleshooting route-import behavior because administrators can compare received routes with routes that were ultimately accepted into the local routing table. The advertising-protocol command examines routes being advertised outward, while forwarding-table output focuses on actual forwarding information. Summary output provides aggregate routing statistics. The receive-protocol command is therefore valuable for investigating what routing information a particular neighbor is sending to the Junos device.

Question 380

Which Junos command displays routes being advertised to peers?

1. show route receive-protocol
2. show route hidden
3. show route advertising-protocol
4. show route terse

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:

The show route advertising-protocol command displays routing information that Junos is preparing to advertise through a specified routing protocol peer. This makes it useful for troubleshooting export policies and verifying whether expected routes are actually being sent to a neighbor. The receive-protocol command examines routes learned from a peer, while hidden routes identify routes that are present but not active in the routing table. Terse output provides a compact routing-table view. Advertising-protocol output therefore focuses specifically on the outbound routing information being presented to a protocol neighbor.