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A router displays `O 192.0.2.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.1.2, GigabitEthernet0/1`. A technician needs to identify the next-hop router's IPv4 address, not the local outgoing interface. What is it?
The `via` field gives the adjacent Layer 3 next-hop IP, which is resolved through the local egress interface Gi0/1. The network ID, AD and interface name have different roles.
The destination network is the traffic being reached, not the adjacent router address for the outgoing frame.
Gi0/1 identifies the local exit interface; it is a textual interface name rather than an IP next-hop address.
110 is the OSPF administrative distance in the bracketed route attributes, not an adjacent IP address.
An IOS OSPF route shows `O 10.44.0.0/16 [110/25] via 192.0.2.2, 00:01:38, GigabitEthernet0/0`. Which field is the elapsed time since the route was learned or refreshed?
00:01:38 is the elapsed age of this learned route in HH:MM:SS format. The brackets show administrative distance and metric instead.
110 is the route administrative distance, used when comparing eligible route sources for the same destination prefix. It is not a duration.
25 is the OSPF route metric, representing path cost within the protocol. It is not an elapsed timer.
192.0.2.2 is the forwarding next-hop IPv4 address after via, identifying the neighbor rather than any time value.
A route entry is prefixed by `B` in an IOS IPv4 routing table. Which routing information source installed this route?
IOS uses B for BGP-learned routes. Route codes identify the source protocol independently of the address prefix and next hop.
OSPF typically uses route code O. A B prefix is not shorthand for an OSPF backbone-area route.
Directly connected networks use C, and local interface host routes use L.
Static route entries normally use S, possibly with an asterisk for a candidate default.
A router has `S 10.94.45.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.36.1` in its IPv4 routing table. An OSPF route to exactly the same /24 has administrative distance 110 and is also reachable. What explains why the static route is preferred?
When equally specific routes from different sources compete, administrative distance selects the trusted source; static AD 1 is lower than OSPF AD 110. The metric 0 is not the selection basis across those sources.
Within a given routing protocol the smaller metric is often preferred, but administrative distance decides among different equal-prefix route sources; zero metric does not make a route lose.
OSPF does not universally supersede static routing; the router compares AD for equally specific installed candidates.
An unusable static route or AD 255 is not selected merely because a next-hop IP exists; availability and source preference still matter.
At a biotech lab, the campus network lead sees route entry S 172.26.110.0/24 [1/14] via 10.85.0.1. What do the bracketed values represent in this IOS route entry?
In IOS bracket notation [1/14], the first value 1 is administrative distance and the second 14 is the route metric. AD compares different route sources; metric compares paths within the route source.
Values in brackets after the route code are not an IPv4 mask and generic hop count. The network prefix specifies the mask separately.
This reverses the documented bracket order. Administrative distance is 1, not 14, in [1/14].
Syslog facility/severity metadata belongs to logging configuration, not route installation bracket values.
At a customer support center, the campus network lead interprets static route S 172.28.239.0/24 [1/0] via 10.101.0.1. What does the via field mean?
The via 10.101.0.1 field identifies the Layer 3 next-hop router for traffic matching 172.28.239.0/24. The outgoing interface and adjacency resolution determine actual Layer 2 forwarding.
A route next-hop is not a DHCP server parameter. DHCP lease processing is independent from RIB next hops.
10.101.0.1 is an IPv4 address, whereas MAC addresses identify Ethernet destinations; ARP can resolve the next hop to a MAC.
The route destination is the listed prefix 172.28.239.0/24, not the value in the via field. A next-hop can serve many destinations.
At a telecom operations room, an implementation partner reviews the IPv4 routing table containing 172.28.185.0/24. Which statement correctly describes the prefix field?
An IPv4 prefix such as 172.28.185.0/24 defines the masked destination address space considered in route lookup. More specific matching routes may override it for subsets.
The routing-table prefix describes a set of possible destination IP addresses for forwarding. Source matches are an ACL concept and are not implied by this RIB entry.
A hostname is a device identity label, not an IPv4 network and mask in the RIB.
Routing metrics express protocol path preference; the IPv4 prefix and length identify which destinations are covered.
A static route points to 192.0.2.5, but the router has no active route reaching that next-hop address. What is the routing consequence on an IOS router?
A next-hop-only static route depends on recursive resolution through another active route. Check reachability and interface state before relying on the destination route.
Administrative distance cannot make an unresolved next hop usable for forwarding.
An IP address is not an egress interface name, and forwarding still requires a resolved adjacency.
ARP operates on a connected Layer 2 segment. A static next hop needs usable recursive or directly connected resolution to be installed and forwarded.
An IOS routing table marks 10.90.0.0/16 with `O IA`. Which type of OSPF route is represented?
O denotes OSPF, and IA denotes inter-area. Such routes commonly arise from inter-area information originated by an area border router.
EIGRP uses D and its own external/internal distinctions, not O IA.
An OSPF external type-2 entry uses O E2, not O IA.
A local interface route is shown with L on supported IOS route displays.
R2 has only connected routes for 10.10.1.0/24 and 10.10.2.0/24. `show ip route` says `Gateway of last resort is not set`. A packet arrives for 203.0.113.7. What does default forwarding do?
Routers require a valid matching route. Neither listed connected prefix contains 203.0.113.7, and no /0 fallback exists, so the packet has no forwarding entry.
Interface order is not a substitute for routing-table lookup; connected routes apply only to their own prefixes.
Broadcasting a routed unicast packet across LANs is not a normal missing-route recovery mechanism and can leak traffic.
A routing protocol neighbor alone does not supply an unspecified next hop; the route must be installed to be used.
A router shows `O 10.80.0.0/16 [110/65] via 192.0.2.9`. Which interpretation of the bracketed values is correct?
IOS routing-table syntax presents `[administrative distance/metric]`. AD compares eligible route sources for the same destination; metric ranks paths within a protocol.
Neither TTL nor number of traversed areas occupies the AD/metric position in this route entry.
These bracketed values are routing preference information, not Layer 2 VLAN or interface IDs.
The destination network has a separate prefix; the next-hop address appears after the via field.
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