VMware 2V0-71.21 Practice Test Questions, VMware 2V0-71.21 Exam Dumps

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Your Foundational Guide to the 2V0-71.21 Exam

The 2V0-71.21 exam, officially titled Professional VMware vSphere 7.x, serves as the definitive benchmark for IT professionals working with VMware's flagship virtualization platform. Passing this exam leads to the VMware Certified Professional - Data Center Virtualization (VCP-DCV 2024) certification, a credential highly respected across the industry. This certification validates an individual's ability to implement, manage, and troubleshoot a vSphere infrastructure, leveraging best practices to provide a powerful, flexible, and secure foundation for business agility. It signifies a deep understanding of vSphere 7.x environments, from initial deployment to ongoing administration and optimization. Achieving this certification demonstrates more than just product knowledge; it confirms the holder's expertise in handling the core components of the Software-Defined Data Center (SDDC). 

The 2V0-71.21 exam curriculum is designed to be comprehensive, ensuring that certified professionals are well-equipped to manage complex virtual environments. It covers a wide array of topics, reflecting the multifaceted nature of modern data center management. Candidates are tested on their skills in areas such as virtual machine management, resource allocation, security protocols, and high availability features, making it a rigorous yet rewarding challenge for any virtualization specialist. The VCP-DCV certification has long been a standard for virtualization engineers. 

As organizations continue to migrate towards cloud computing and virtualized infrastructures, the demand for skilled professionals who can effectively manage these systems has soared. The 2V0-71.21 exam is periodically updated to reflect the latest advancements in vSphere technology, ensuring that the skills it validates remain relevant and valuable in the ever-evolving IT landscape. Earning this credential can significantly enhance career prospects, opening doors to advanced roles and greater responsibilities within data center operations and cloud infrastructure management. It is a critical step for professionals committed to excellence.

Who Should Take the 2V0-71.21 Exam

The ideal candidate for the 2V0-71.21 exam is an IT professional with hands-on experience in managing and deploying VMware vSphere 7.x environments. This typically includes system administrators, infrastructure engineers, and solution architects who work with virtualized data centers on a daily basis. The exam is designed for individuals who have a solid foundational knowledge of server virtualization and are looking to formalize their skills and prove their proficiency. While VMware recommends at least six months of practical experience with vSphere 7.x, the depth of knowledge required suggests that more extensive experience would be highly beneficial for success. This certification is particularly valuable for those whose job responsibilities involve the operational aspects of a vSphere infrastructure. This includes tasks such as installing and configuring ESXi hosts, managing vCenter Server, creating and managing virtual machines, and configuring virtual networks and storage. Professionals who are responsible for maintaining the health, availability, and security of the virtual environment will find the exam content directly applicable to their roles. The 2V0-71.21 exam tests practical skills that are used in real-world scenarios, making it an excellent validation of an administrator's day-to-day capabilities and problem-solving abilities. Furthermore, consultants and technical support engineers who advise clients on or troubleshoot vSphere implementations will also benefit greatly from pursuing this certification. The VCP-DCV credential serves as a mark of credibility, assuring clients and employers of a professional's expertise. It demonstrates a commitment to staying current with VMware technologies and best practices. For those looking to advance into more senior roles, such as a data center architect or a cloud administrator, passing the 2V0-71.21 exam is often a prerequisite and a crucial stepping stone in their career progression, providing the necessary credentials and knowledge base.

Key Objectives and Domains Covered in the Exam

The 2V0-71.21 exam is structured around several key objectives, or domains, that encompass the full lifecycle of a vSphere environment. These domains are carefully curated to test a candidate's comprehensive understanding of the platform. The primary domains include Architecture and Technologies, Products and Solutions, Planning and Designing, Installing, Configuring, and Setup, Performance-tuning, Optimization, and Upgrading, and finally, Troubleshooting and Repairing. Each of these sections contains a set of specific objectives that candidates must master. Understanding this structure is the first step in creating an effective study plan and focusing on areas of importance. The Architecture and Technologies section delves into the core components of vSphere. Candidates are expected to understand the architecture of ESXi and vCenter Server, including their key services and processes. This domain also covers storage technologies like VMFS, NFS, and vSAN, as well as networking concepts such as vSphere Standard Switches and vSphere Distributed Switches. A thorough grasp of these foundational elements is critical, as they form the building blocks for all other vSphere operations. The exam will test a candidate's ability to describe these components and explain how they interact within the SDDC. Another critical domain is Installing, Configuring, and Setup. This practical section focuses on the hands-on skills required to deploy and configure a vSphere environment from the ground up. Objectives include installing ESXi hosts, deploying vCenter Server Appliance (VCSA), and configuring identity sources and single sign-on. Candidates must also demonstrate proficiency in setting up virtual networking, configuring various storage types, and creating and managing virtual machines and templates. Success in this section of the 2V0-71.21 exam requires not just theoretical knowledge but also practical experience with the vSphere Client and command-line interfaces.

Understanding vSphere Architecture and Technologies

A deep understanding of vSphere architecture is fundamental to passing the 2V0-71.21 exam. This begins with the hypervisor, ESXi, which is the virtualization platform that runs directly on the physical server hardware. Candidates need to know about its components, such as the VMkernel, which manages resources like CPU, memory, storage, and networking for the virtual machines. Understanding how ESXi handles resource scheduling, memory management techniques like transparent page sharing and ballooning, and its security features, including lockdown modes and UEFI Secure Boot, is essential for both the exam and real-world administration. vCenter Server is the centralized management component of the vSphere suite and a major focus of the 2V0-71.21 exam. It provides a single point of control for managing all ESXi hosts and virtual machines in the data center. Candidates must be familiar with the vCenter Server architecture, specifically the vCenter Server Appliance (VCSA), and its services like the Platform Services Controller (PSC), which handles authentication and certificate management. Knowledge of features like vSphere High Availability (HA), vSphere Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS), and vSphere vMotion is non-negotiable, as these are core functionalities managed through vCenter Server. The exam also places significant emphasis on storage and networking technologies. For storage, this includes understanding the different types of datastores, such as VMFS and NFS, and their characteristics. Candidates should be proficient with concepts like multipathing, storage policies, and the architecture of VMware vSAN, the hyper-converged storage solution. On the networking side, a detailed knowledge of vSphere Standard Switches (VSS) and vSphere Distributed Switches (VDS) is required. This includes understanding their features, use cases, and how to configure port groups, VLANs, NIC teaming, and traffic shaping policies to build a resilient and efficient virtual network infrastructure.

Navigating vSphere Products and Solutions

The 2V0-71.21 exam extends beyond the core vSphere components to include a broader range of VMware products and solutions that integrate with the platform. This section tests a candidate's awareness of how the entire VMware ecosystem works together to create a complete SDDC. For instance, knowledge of VMware vSAN is crucial. Candidates should understand its architecture as a software-defined storage solution built directly into the hypervisor. This includes concepts like disk groups, fault domains, and storage policies, and how vSAN provides resilient and scalable storage for virtual machines without the need for traditional external storage arrays. Another key solution covered is VMware NSX-T Data Center. While the exam does not require deep expertise in NSX-T, it expects candidates to have a foundational understanding of its role in network virtualization and security. This involves knowing what NSX-T is, its benefits, and how it provides logical switching, routing, and firewalling for the virtualized environment. Understanding the concept of micro-segmentation and how it enhances security within the data center is a particularly important topic. Familiarity with how NSX-T integrates with vSphere is essential for a holistic view of the modern data center. The VMware vRealize Suite is also part of the exam blueprint. This suite of products provides management capabilities for cloud and virtualized environments. The 2V0-71.21 exam specifically touches upon vRealize Operations (vROps) for performance monitoring and capacity management, and vRealize Log Insight for centralized log management and analytics. Candidates should be able to describe the purpose of these tools and how they help administrators proactively manage and troubleshoot the vSphere environment. Understanding their value proposition helps in designing and maintaining a healthy, optimized, and efficient virtual infrastructure, a key skill for any certified professional.

Planning and Designing a vSphere Environment

While the 2V0-71.21 exam is heavily focused on implementation and administration, it also includes objectives related to planning and designing a vSphere infrastructure. This domain assesses a candidate's ability to make informed decisions based on specific requirements, constraints, and best practices. It involves understanding how to gather business and technical requirements for a new vSphere deployment or an expansion of an existing one. Candidates need to consider factors like performance needs, availability requirements, security policies, and budget constraints to propose a suitable design. This demonstrates a higher level of thinking beyond simple configuration tasks. A key aspect of planning is capacity management. This means being able to right-size the environment, ensuring that there are adequate compute, storage, and network resources to meet current and future demands. The exam may present scenarios where a candidate needs to determine the appropriate number of ESXi hosts, the configuration of vCenter Server, and the type of storage solution to use. This requires knowledge of resource maximums, sizing guidelines, and an understanding of how different workloads impact resource consumption. Proper planning prevents over-provisioning, which wastes resources, and under-provisioning, which leads to performance issues. Security is another critical consideration in the design phase. A well-designed vSphere environment incorporates security from the ground up. For the 2V0-71.21 exam, this means understanding how to design for security at different layers of the infrastructure. This includes securing ESXi hosts using lockdown modes and managing user access with a proper roles and permissions model in vCenter Server. It also involves planning for virtual machine security and understanding how tools like NSX-T can provide micro-segmentation to protect against lateral movement of threats within the data center. A secure design is a resilient design, a principle every VCP should master.

Preparing for the 2V0-71.21 Exam Day

Effective preparation is the key to success on the 2V0-71.21 exam. A structured study plan is essential. Start by thoroughly reviewing the official exam guide provided by VMware. This document lists all the objectives and is the most reliable source for understanding what topics will be covered. Allocate study time based on your familiarity with each domain, spending more time on areas where you feel less confident. A combination of theoretical study and hands-on practice is the most effective approach. Reading official documentation, white papers, and community blogs can provide the necessary theoretical foundation. Hands-on lab practice is non-negotiable for the 2V0-71.21 exam. The exam tests practical skills, and there is no substitute for real-world experience. If you do not have access to a production vSphere environment for testing, consider building a home lab. This can be done with relatively modest hardware, or you can leverage cloud-based lab services. Practice installing and configuring ESXi and vCenter Server, setting up networking and storage, and working with features like HA, DRS, and vMotion. The goal is to become comfortable with the vSphere Client and be able to perform common administrative tasks quickly and efficiently. On the day of the exam, it is important to be well-rested and mentally prepared. The 2V0-71.21 exam consists of 70 multiple-choice questions to be answered in 130 minutes. Manage your time wisely, and do not spend too much time on any single question. If you are unsure about an answer, mark the question for review and move on. You can always come back to it later if you have time. Read each question and all the options carefully before making your selection. Some questions may be tricky, designed to test your attention to detail. Stay calm, trust in your preparation, and focus on applying your knowledge to each scenario.

Deep Dive into ESXi Host Architecture

To excel in the 2V0-71.21 exam, a comprehensive understanding of the VMware ESXi hypervisor architecture is paramount. ESXi is a Type-1, or bare-metal, hypervisor, meaning it is installed directly onto the physical server hardware. This direct access allows it to manage and allocate hardware resources with high efficiency. The core of ESXi is the VMkernel, a microkernel that controls all hardware resources. It is responsible for critical functions such as process scheduling, memory management, and device I/O. Candidates must grasp how the VMkernel’s CPU scheduler allocates processor time to virtual machines and its various management agents. Memory management within ESXi is a sophisticated process and a key topic for the exam. ESXi employs several techniques to optimize physical memory usage, including Transparent Page Sharing (TPS), which deduplicates identical memory pages, and the Balloon Driver (vmmemctl), which reclaims idle memory from guest operating systems. Understanding these mechanisms, along with memory compression and host-level swapping, is crucial. The 2V0-71.21 exam will likely test your ability to explain how these features work together to allow for memory overcommitment while maintaining stable performance for the virtual machines running on the host. Another critical aspect of the ESXi architecture is its storage stack. The Pluggable Storage Architecture (PSA) is a modular framework that allows storage vendors to create their own multipathing and load-balancing plugins. Candidates need to be familiar with the default Native Multipathing Plugin (NMP) and its path selection policies, such as Most Recently Used (MRU), Round Robin (RR), and Fixed. A solid understanding of how ESXi communicates with different types of storage, including block storage via Fibre Channel and iSCSI, and file storage via NFS, is essential for configuring a resilient and high-performing storage infrastructure.

Exploring the vCenter Server Architecture

vCenter Server is the central nervous system of any vSphere deployment, and its architecture is a major focus of the 2V0-71.21 exam. The primary deployment model is the vCenter Server Appliance (VCSA), a pre-configured Linux-based virtual machine. It is crucial to understand the services that run within the VCSA. These services are managed by the vCenter Server daemon and include the vSphere Client, vSphere Auto Deploy, and the Content Library service. Knowledge of the key components, such as the embedded vPostgres database and the Platform Services Controller (PSC), which handles authentication, is fundamental. The Platform Services Controller (PSC) is a critical component, although its functions are now converged within the VCSA in vSphere 7. The PSC is responsible for services like vCenter Single Sign-On (SSO), which provides secure authentication for the vSphere environment. Candidates must understand how SSO works, including its identity sources and permission models. It also manages VMware Certificate Authority (VMCA), which provisions certificates for ESXi hosts and vCenter services. Understanding the role of certificates in securing communication within the vSphere environment is an important part of the 2V0-71.21 exam curriculum. vCenter Server enables many of the advanced features that define vSphere, such as vMotion, High Availability (HA), and Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS). The exam will test your understanding of how vCenter Server facilitates these capabilities. For example, you should know how vCenter coordinates a live migration with vMotion, how it detects host failures and restarts VMs with HA, and how it balances workloads across a cluster with DRS. Understanding the architecture that supports these features, including the underlying communication protocols and dependencies, is key to demonstrating your proficiency as a vSphere administrator.

Mastering vSphere Storage Technologies

Storage is a foundational pillar of virtualization, and the 2V0-71.21 exam thoroughly tests your knowledge of vSphere storage technologies. The most common datastore type is VMFS (Virtual Machine File System), a high-performance clustered file system designed for virtual machines. You need to understand its features, such as on-disk locking, support for concurrent access from multiple hosts, and its ability to grow dynamically. Familiarity with the different versions of VMFS and the process of creating, formatting, and managing VMFS datastores is a required skill for any candidate preparing for the exam. Beyond VMFS, vSphere also supports NFS (Network File System) datastores. It is important to know the differences between VMFS and NFS, their respective use cases, and the best practices for configuring them. The exam will expect you to understand the requirements for using NFS with vSphere, such as configuring dedicated VMkernel ports for NFS traffic and understanding the different versions of the protocol (NFSv3 and NFSv4.1). Knowledge of how vSphere interacts with NFS servers and the specific features supported, like Storage I/O Control, is also part of the curriculum. A significant portion of the storage domain is dedicated to VMware vSAN. As a hyper-converged, software-defined storage solution, vSAN is integral to modern vSphere deployments. The 2V0-71.21 exam requires a solid understanding of vSAN architecture, including its components like disk groups, cache tier, and capacity tier. You must be familiar with key concepts such as storage policies, fault domains, and object-based storage. Understanding how vSAN provides resilience and performance through data distribution and policies like Failures to Tolerate (FTT) is critical for answering scenario-based questions on the exam.

Advanced vSphere Networking Concepts

Networking is the glue that connects all the components of a virtualized data center, and the 2V0-71.21 exam requires a deep understanding of vSphere networking. The two primary virtual switch types are the vSphere Standard Switch (VSS) and the vSphere Distributed Switch (VDS). You must be able to articulate the differences between them. A VSS is configured on a per-host basis, while a VDS provides centralized management for networking across multiple hosts in a data center. The exam will test your knowledge of the features exclusive to the VDS, such as Network I/O Control, Private VLANs, and backup and restore capabilities. A key networking concept is the VMkernel port (vmknic). These are virtual network adapters for the ESXi host itself, used for management traffic, vMotion, iSCSI, NFS, and vSAN. The 2V0-71.21 exam expects you to know how to create and configure VMkernel ports and understand the importance of isolating different traffic types onto separate networks for performance and security. Best practices dictate using dedicated VLANs and subnets for each traffic type. Being able to design and implement a networking layout that follows these principles is a skill that will be assessed. The exam also covers advanced networking topics. This includes understanding and configuring NIC teaming policies, also known as load balancing policies, such as Route based on IP hash, Route based on source MAC hash, and Route based on physical NIC load. Each policy has its specific use cases and switch-side configuration requirements. Furthermore, you should be familiar with traffic shaping policies, which allow you to control the bandwidth for virtual machine traffic, and security policies like Promiscuous Mode, MAC Address Changes, and Forged Transmits, which help secure the virtual network environment.

Securing the vSphere Infrastructure

Security is a critical and pervasive theme throughout the 2V0-71.21 exam. A vSphere administrator must know how to secure the environment at multiple levels. At the host level, this includes configuring ESXi firewall rules to restrict access to services, enabling lockdown mode to limit management access, and integrating ESXi with a centralized logging server for auditing purposes. Understanding the importance of regular patching and updates to mitigate vulnerabilities is also a key aspect of host security that candidates should be prepared to discuss. Proper host hardening is the first line of defense. vCenter Server security is equally important. This involves managing user access through a robust roles and permissions model. The exam requires you to understand the difference between roles, privileges, and objects in the vCenter inventory and how to apply the principle of least privilege. You should be proficient in creating custom roles and assigning them to users or groups from an identity source like Active Directory. Furthermore, securing the vCenter Server Appliance itself, through measures like file-based backup and restore and monitoring its health, is a critical administrative task covered in the exam. Virtual machine security is the third layer of defense. The 2V0-71.21 exam covers technologies like VMware vSphere Trust Authority and the use of Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs) to create a hardware root of trust. Candidates should understand how to secure virtual machines by encrypting their disks (VM Encryption) and their network traffic during live migration (Encrypted vMotion). Familiarity with these features demonstrates an understanding of modern data center security requirements and the tools vSphere provides to meet them. Protecting the workloads is, after all, the ultimate goal of infrastructure security.

Understanding Resource Management in vSphere

Effective resource management is at the heart of virtualization, ensuring that all virtual machines receive the compute and memory resources they need to perform optimally. The 2V0-71.21 exam places a strong emphasis on this topic. A core component of resource management is the concept of resource pools, which allow administrators to delegate control over resources and partition them among different business units or applications. Candidates must understand how to create and manage resource pools and how the settings of shares, limits, and reservations affect resource allocation for the virtual machines within them. The vSphere Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) is a key feature for automating resource management within a cluster. DRS monitors the resource utilization of hosts and virtual machines and can automatically migrate VMs using vMotion to balance the load. The exam requires a thorough understanding of DRS, including its different automation levels (manual, partially automated, fully automated), its affinity and anti-affinity rules, and how it makes its migration recommendations. Understanding the factors that influence DRS, such as CPU and memory usage, is crucial for both the exam and for maintaining a balanced and efficient cluster. Another important aspect of resource management is controlling I/O. vSphere provides tools like Storage I/O Control (SIOC) and Network I/O Control (NIOC). SIOC helps prioritize storage access for critical virtual machines during periods of contention by managing I/O queues at the datastore level. NIOC, a feature of the vSphere Distributed Switch, allows you to reserve bandwidth for different types of network traffic, ensuring that critical traffic like vSAN or vMotion is not starved by less important traffic. The 2V0-71.21 exam will test your ability to explain and configure these features to guarantee service levels for your applications.

High Availability and Fault Tolerance

Ensuring business continuity is a primary responsibility of a vSphere administrator, and the 2V0-71.21 exam covers high availability features in detail. vSphere High Availability (HA) is a fundamental feature that provides automatic restart of virtual machines in the event of an ESXi host failure. Candidates need to understand the architecture of HA, including the role of the master and slave hosts and the use of datastore heartbeating for failure detection. Configuring HA admission control policies to ensure that sufficient resources are reserved for failover is a key skill that will be tested. For even higher levels of availability, vSphere offers Fault Tolerance (FT). FT creates a live shadow instance of a virtual machine that is in lockstep with the primary instance on a separate host. In case of a host failure, the secondary VM instantly takes over with no downtime or data loss. The 2V0-71.21 exam requires you to know the use cases for FT, its limitations (such as the number of vCPUs supported), and the requirements for enabling it, including the need for a dedicated FT logging network. Understanding the difference between the protection offered by HA and FT is critical. Beyond host-level availability, vSphere also provides features to protect against storage and network failures. This includes using multipathing for storage to provide redundant paths to the storage array. On the networking side, this involves configuring NIC teaming on virtual switches to provide failover and load balancing for the physical network adapters. A comprehensive availability strategy considers all potential points of failure in the infrastructure. The exam will expect you to have a holistic understanding of how these different features work together to create a resilient and highly available vSphere environment for mission-critical applications.

In-Depth Analysis of VMware vSAN

VMware vSAN is a cornerstone of the Software-Defined Data Center (SDDC) and a significant topic on the 2V0-71.21 exam. It is a software-defined storage solution that is fully integrated with the vSphere hypervisor. vSAN aggregates the local storage disks from the ESXi hosts in a cluster to create a single, shared datastore. Candidates must have a deep understanding of its architecture. This includes the concept of disk groups, which consist of at least one cache device (SSD or NVMe) and one or more capacity devices (SSD or HDD). The cache tier accelerates I/O operations, while the capacity tier provides persistent storage. The power of vSAN lies in its policy-driven management. Storage Policy-Based Management (SPBM) allows administrators to define storage requirements for virtual machines on a per-VM basis. These policies dictate attributes such as performance, availability, and capacity consumption. The 2V0-71.21 exam will test your knowledge of key policy settings, especially Number of Failures to Tolerate (FTT), which determines the number of host, disk, or network failures a VM object can withstand. Understanding how FTT translates into different RAID configurations (like RAID-1 for mirroring or RAID-5/6 for erasure coding) is essential for designing resilient and space-efficient storage. Candidates should also be familiar with advanced vSAN features and operational tasks. This includes understanding the different vSAN deployment types, such as standard clusters and stretched clusters for disaster avoidance. Knowledge of vSAN health and performance monitoring tools is also crucial for troubleshooting and optimization. The exam may present scenarios related to managing vSAN, such as adding capacity by scaling up (adding disks to hosts) or scaling out (adding hosts to the cluster), and performing maintenance tasks like placing a host into maintenance mode with the appropriate data evacuation options. A thorough grasp of vSAN is non-negotiable for success.

Understanding VMware NSX-T Data Center

While the 2V0-71.21 exam is focused on vSphere, it requires a foundational understanding of how other VMware products, like NSX-T Data Center, integrate and enhance the platform. NSX-T is a network virtualization and security platform that provides a full suite of logical networking services, completely decoupled from the physical hardware. For the exam, you are not expected to be an NSX-T expert, but you must be able to describe its core concepts and benefits. This includes understanding the difference between the physical network (the underlay) and the virtual network (the overlay) created by NSX-T using protocols like Geneve. The most important NSX-T concept for a vSphere administrator to understand is micro-segmentation. This is a security approach that allows for the creation of fine-grained security policies for individual workloads. Using the NSX-T Distributed Firewall, you can enforce security rules at the virtual network interface card (vNIC) of each virtual machine, regardless of its location in the data center. This prevents the lateral movement of threats, a common attack vector. The 2V0-71.21 exam will expect you to be able to explain the value of micro-segmentation and how it improves the security posture of a vSphere environment. Additionally, you should be familiar with the basic logical networking components of NSX-T, such as logical switches (now called segments) and gateways. A logical switch provides Layer 2 connectivity for virtual machines, similar to a VLAN, but with much greater scalability and flexibility. Gateways provide Layer 3 routing services, allowing for communication between different logical networks and with the external physical network. Understanding the role of these components and how they are managed through the NSX Manager is key to appreciating how NSX-T delivers a complete networking model within software.

Leveraging the vRealize Suite for Operations

The VMware vRealize Suite is a collection of products designed for cloud management, and the 2V0-71.21 exam highlights a couple of its key components. The most prominent is vRealize Operations (vROps), an intelligent operations management platform. vROps provides comprehensive visibility into the health, performance, and capacity of the entire vSphere infrastructure. It uses machine learning and predictive analytics to help administrators identify and resolve issues before they impact users. For the exam, you should understand the primary functions of vROps, which are often summarized as the three pillars: performance monitoring, capacity management, and troubleshooting. Under performance monitoring, vROps collects a vast amount of data from vCenter and other sources and analyzes it to detect anomalies and performance bottlenecks. It uses dynamic thresholds instead of static ones, which reduces false alarms. In capacity management, vROps helps with planning and optimization by forecasting future resource needs and identifying oversized or idle virtual machines that can be reclaimed. The 2V0-71.21 exam will expect you to know how these capabilities can be used to maintain a healthy and efficient virtual environment, ensuring that service level agreements (SLAs) are met. The third pillar, troubleshooting, is where vROps truly shines. It provides powerful dashboards, alerts, and reports that help administrators quickly pinpoint the root cause of a problem. It can correlate data from different objects in the infrastructure stack, from the virtual machine down to the datastore, to show the cause-and-effect relationship of an issue. Another tool mentioned in the exam blueprint is vRealize Log Insight, which provides centralized log management. Understanding how Log Insight aggregates logs from all components and enables powerful searching and analytics is important for a complete picture of vSphere management.

Working with the vSphere Content Library

The Content Library is a powerful feature within vCenter Server that provides simple and effective management of content like VM templates, vApp templates, ISO images, and scripts. The 2V0-71.21 exam requires you to understand how to use the Content Library to streamline the deployment of virtual machines and applications. A key concept is the difference between a local library and a subscribed library. A local library is created and managed on a single vCenter Server instance, and you can publish it so that other vCenter Servers can subscribe to it. A subscribed library pulls content from a published local library. This publish/subscribe model is extremely useful for maintaining consistency across multiple data centers or sites. When a template in the published library is updated, the changes are automatically synchronized to all subscribed libraries. The exam will test your knowledge of how to create and manage these library types and the different synchronization options available. Understanding use cases, such as deploying standardized VM templates across a global organization, is key to answering questions on this topic. Another important feature of the Content Library is its versioning capability for VM templates. When you update a template in the library, you can check it out, make your changes, and then check it back in, creating a new version. This allows you to track changes over time and revert to a previous version if needed. The 2V0-71.21 exam may ask about the process of updating templates and deploying VMs from the Content Library. Proficiency in these tasks demonstrates an ability to manage virtual machine lifecycle efficiently, which is a core competency for a VCP.

Understanding VMware Cloud Foundation (VCF)

While the 2V0-71.21 exam is primarily focused on vSphere, it is beneficial to have a high-level understanding of VMware Cloud Foundation (VCF). VCF is an integrated software stack that bundles vSphere, vSAN, NSX-T, and parts of the vRealize Suite into a single platform that can be deployed on-premises or in the public cloud. It automates the deployment and lifecycle management of the entire SDDC stack through a component called the SDDC Manager. For the exam, you should understand the value proposition of VCF, which is to simplify and accelerate the path to a hybrid cloud environment. A key concept in VCF is the workload domain. A workload domain is a logical grouping of vSphere clusters with its own vCenter Server and NSX-T instance. There is a management domain, which runs the VCF management components, and then you can create one or more virtual infrastructure (VI) workload domains for running customer applications. This architecture provides scalability and isolation. The 2V0-71.21 exam may not ask deep technical questions about VCF, but being able to describe what it is and the problems it solves shows a broader understanding of the VMware ecosystem. The main benefit of VCF is the automated lifecycle management provided by the SDDC Manager. This component handles the initial deployment, configuration, patching, and upgrading of all the software components in the stack in a validated and interoperable manner. This greatly reduces the administrative overhead and risk associated with managing a complex SDDC. Understanding this core benefit is the most important takeaway for the 2V0-71.21 exam. It places your vSphere knowledge in the context of a larger, automated cloud platform, which is the direction the industry is heading.

Lifecycle Management with vSphere Lifecycle Manager (vLCM)

vSphere Lifecycle Manager (vLCM) is a significant evolution from the traditional vSphere Update Manager (VUM), and it is a key topic in the 2V0-71.21 exam. vLCM is a powerful service within vCenter Server that provides centralized and automated lifecycle management for ESXi hosts. Its primary innovation is the use of a desired state model. Instead of managing hosts with individual patches and updates (baselines), vLCM allows you to define a single image that includes the ESXi base image, vendor add-ons (like drivers and firmware), and additional components. This image represents the desired state for all hosts in a cluster. The exam will test your understanding of how to use vLCM to manage cluster-wide images. This includes the process of creating an image, adding the necessary components, and applying it to a cluster. Once an image is applied, vLCM continuously monitors the hosts for compliance. If a host deviates from the desired state, it is marked as non-compliant. You can then use vLCM to remediate the entire cluster, bringing all hosts into compliance with a single, orchestrated operation. This image-based approach greatly simplifies host management and ensures consistency across the cluster. In addition to managing software and drivers, vLCM can also integrate with hardware vendor managers, such as Dell EMC OpenManage or HPE OneView. This integration allows vLCM to manage the firmware of hardware components like network cards and storage controllers as part of the same desired state image. This provides a holistic, full-stack lifecycle management solution from a single interface. The 2V0-71.21 exam requires you to understand the benefits of this integrated approach and the prerequisites for enabling firmware management with vLCM. Mastering vLCM is crucial for modern vSphere administration.

Identity and Access Management Solutions

Secure access to the vSphere environment is critical, and the 2V0-71.21 exam covers identity and access management in detail. The central component for this is vCenter Single Sign-On (SSO). SSO provides an authentication service that allows users to log in once and access all vCenter Server instances and other integrated VMware products without being prompted for credentials again. You must understand the SSO architecture, including the concept of an SSO domain and the different types of identity sources it can connect to, such as Active Directory (LDAP or IWA) and OpenLDAP. Once a user is authenticated, their authorization is determined by the vCenter Server permissions model. This model is based on assigning permissions to objects in the inventory. A permission consists of a user or group, a role (a collection of privileges), and an object (like a VM, host, or cluster). The 2V0-71.21 exam will require you to be proficient in managing this model. This includes using the default roles, creating custom roles to enforce the principle of least privilege, and understanding how permissions propagate down the object hierarchy. A more recent development in vSphere security is the integration with identity federation using protocols like ADFS. vCenter Server in vSphere 7 and later can be configured to act as a service provider, allowing it to trust an external identity provider for user authentication. This enables multi-factor authentication (MFA) and aligns with modern enterprise security practices. While deep configuration knowledge might not be required, understanding the concept of identity federation and its benefits for securing the vSphere environment is an important part of the curriculum for the 2V0-71.21 exam.

The Foundation of vSphere Design: Requirements, Risks, Constraints, and Assumptions

A successful vSphere design project begins with a thorough analysis of the four key design factors: requirements, risks, constraints, and assumptions. The 2V0-71.21 exam expects candidates to understand the role of each of these factors in the decision-making process. Requirements are the specific capabilities that the design must deliver. They can be functional, such as "the platform must support 500 virtual machines," or non-functional, such as "the virtual machine provisioning process must take no more than 15 minutes." Gathering and categorizing these requirements is the first and most critical step in any design. Constraints are limitations that restrict the design options. These are often external factors that the architect cannot change, such as a pre-existing data center facility, a fixed budget, or a corporate mandate to use a specific hardware vendor. Risks are potential events that could negatively impact the project or the resulting infrastructure, such as a single point of failure or insufficient network bandwidth. Identifying and mitigating risks is a core responsibility of the designer. Finally, assumptions are things that are believed to be true but have not been verified, like assuming that the existing network can support vMotion traffic. The 2V0-71.21 exam may present scenario-based questions where you must identify these factors and explain how they influence design choices. For example, a budget constraint might force a decision between a high-performance all-flash vSAN and a more economical hybrid solution. A high availability requirement might dictate the use of a stretched cluster design, but this introduces the risk of a split-brain scenario if not implemented correctly. Understanding the interplay between these four factors is fundamental to creating a design that is not only technically sound but also aligned with the business's needs and limitations.

Designing the vSphere Compute Infrastructure

Designing the compute layer of a vSphere environment involves making critical decisions about ESXi hosts and clusters. The 2V0-71.21 exam will test your ability to make these decisions based on a given set of requirements. This starts with host selection. You need to consider CPU specifications (cores, clock speed, socket count), memory capacity, and network connectivity options. A key design principle is to maintain homogeneity within a cluster, meaning all hosts should have similar, if not identical, hardware configurations to ensure predictable performance and compatibility with features like DRS and HA. Cluster design is another major topic. This involves determining the optimal size of a cluster—how many hosts it should contain. There is a trade-off between larger clusters, which provide a bigger resource pool for DRS to work with, and smaller clusters, which can limit the impact of a failure event and simplify management. The design must also account for vSphere High Availability (HA) admission control. You need to decide on a policy, such as percentage-based or dedicated failover hosts, to ensure that enough resources are reserved to restart all virtual machines in the event of a host failure. The logical design of the compute resources is also important. This involves the use of resource pools to partition cluster resources and delegate their management. A common design practice is to create resource pools for different tiers of applications (e.g., Gold, Silver, Bronze) or for different business units. The 2V0-71.21 exam requires you to understand how to configure shares, limits, and reservations on these resource pools to enforce service levels and prevent resource contention between different workloads. A well-designed compute layer is the foundation for a stable and scalable virtual infrastructure.

Planning and Designing vSphere Storage

Storage design is a complex and critical part of any vSphere project, and it is covered extensively in the 2V0-71.21 exam. The first step is to choose the right storage technology. This could be traditional block storage using Fibre Channel or iSCSI, file storage using NFS, or hyper-converged storage with VMware vSAN. The choice depends on various factors, including performance requirements, scalability needs, budget, and existing infrastructure. You should be able to articulate the pros and cons of each option and justify your design choice based on the project's requirements. Once a technology is chosen, you must design the datastores. This includes decisions about the number and size of LUNs or NFS shares. Best practices have evolved over time, but a common approach is to use a smaller number of larger datastores to simplify management. You also need to plan for performance and resilience. This involves designing a multipathing strategy for block storage to provide load balancing and failover, and ensuring that the underlying network for iSCSI or NFS is redundant and has sufficient bandwidth. Understanding concepts like Storage I/O Control (SIOC) is also important for managing storage performance. For vSAN designs, the considerations are different. You need to design the disk groups, selecting the appropriate cache and capacity devices to meet performance targets. A key design activity is creating Storage Policy-Based Management (SPBM) policies. These policies will define the availability (e.g., Failures to Tolerate) and performance characteristics for different types of virtual machines. The 2V0-71.21 exam will test your ability to design these policies to meet specific service level agreements (SLAs) while also considering capacity consumption. A well-designed storage solution is essential for the performance and availability of the entire virtual environment.

Designing the vSphere Network Infrastructure

Network design for a vSphere environment involves planning for both the virtual and physical networks to ensure connectivity, performance, and security. The 2V0-71.21 exam will assess your ability to design a robust network architecture. A fundamental decision is the choice between vSphere Standard Switches (VSS) and vSphere Distributed Switches (VDS). While VSS is simpler to manage for small environments, VDS is the standard choice for enterprise deployments due to its centralized management and advanced features like Network I/O Control (NIOC) and LACP support. You should be able to justify the use of VDS in a design. A critical part of the network design is traffic isolation. Different types of vSphere traffic, such as management, vMotion, storage (iSCSI/NFS), and vSAN, should be separated onto different networks. This is typically achieved using separate VMkernel ports and VLANs. This separation improves security and ensures that one type of traffic does not impact the performance of another. The 2V0-71.21 exam expects you to be able to create a design that incorporates this best practice, specifying the number of physical NICs required and how they should be configured for redundancy and load balancing using NIC teaming policies. Security is also a major consideration in network design. This includes implementing security policies on the virtual switches, such as disabling promiscuous mode, to prevent common network-based attacks. For environments requiring a higher level of security, the design should incorporate micro-segmentation using VMware NSX-T. While you are not expected to be an NSX-T design expert, you should be able to explain how its distributed firewall can be used to create zero-trust security zones within the data center. A secure and resilient network design is crucial for protecting the integrity and availability of the virtual infrastructure.

Planning for Virtual Machine Design and Management

The ultimate purpose of a vSphere infrastructure is to run virtual machines, so their design and management are key topics for the 2V0-71.21 exam. Proper VM design starts with right-sizing. This means allocating the appropriate amount of vCPU and memory to a virtual machine based on its actual workload requirements, rather than simply matching the specifications of a physical server. Over-provisioning resources can lead to performance issues like CPU co-stop and wastes valuable capacity. The exam will test your understanding of the principles of right-sizing and the tools, like vRealize Operations, that can help with this process. Another important aspect of VM design is the use of templates and the Content Library. A well-designed environment relies heavily on standardized templates to ensure that new VMs are deployed consistently and efficiently. These templates should be pre-configured with the correct operating system settings, security hardening, and corporate software. The 2V0-71.21 exam requires you to know how to create and manage these templates using the Content Library, including how to use its versioning and publish/subscribe features to maintain consistency across multiple sites. This demonstrates an ability to manage VMs at scale. The design should also consider the lifecycle management of virtual machines. This includes planning for backups and disaster recovery. You need to understand how VMware's native vSphere Replication works and how it can be used to replicate VMs to a secondary site for disaster recovery purposes. The design should also specify a backup strategy, leveraging tools that integrate with vSphere's Storage APIs for Data Protection. A comprehensive VM management plan addresses not just the initial deployment but the entire lifecycle of the virtual machine, from creation to decommissioning.

Designing for Security, Manageability, and Recoverability

A holistic vSphere design addresses three key cross-cutting concerns: security, manageability, and recoverability. These aspects are woven into all other parts of the design and are crucial for the long-term success of the infrastructure. The 2V0-71.21 exam will assess your ability to incorporate these principles into your design decisions. For security, this means designing a defense-in-depth strategy, securing the ESXi hosts, vCenter Server, and the virtual machines themselves. This includes planning for a robust roles and permissions model, using VM Encryption, and integrating with centralized identity management systems. Manageability refers to how easily the environment can be operated, monitored, and maintained. A good design simplifies management tasks and reduces administrative overhead. This involves standardizing hardware and software configurations, using automation tools like PowerCLI, and leveraging features like vSphere Lifecycle Manager for simplified patching and upgrades. The design should also include a monitoring strategy, specifying how tools like vRealize Operations will be used to provide visibility into the health and performance of the environment. A manageable design is a cost-effective and reliable design. Recoverability is the ability of the infrastructure to withstand failures and recover from disasters. This goes beyond just vSphere HA. The design must consider site-level failures. This involves designing a disaster recovery (DR) solution using technologies like vSphere Replication and VMware Site Recovery Manager (SRM). You need to define key DR metrics like the Recovery Point Objective (RPO) and Recovery Time Objective (RTO) and design a solution that can meet these business requirements. The 2V0-71.21 exam will expect you to understand these concepts and how to design a resilient infrastructure that can protect the business's critical applications.

Incorporating Business Requirements into the Design

The most important skill for a solution architect, and one that is implicitly tested on the 2V0-71.21 exam, is the ability to translate business requirements into a technical design. A design that is technically brilliant but does not solve the business's problem is a failure. This process starts with understanding the key business drivers for the project. Is the goal to reduce costs, improve agility, or increase the availability of a critical application? These drivers will shape all subsequent design decisions. For example, a requirement for high agility would favor a design that uses automation and standardized templates. The design must also respect the business's service level agreements (SLAs). An SLA is a formal commitment to a certain level of service, often defined in terms of availability, performance, and recoverability. The design must incorporate the necessary technologies and configurations to meet these SLAs. For a Tier-1 application with a 99.99% uptime requirement, the design might include a stretched cluster with Fault Tolerance enabled for the critical VMs. For a Tier-3 development environment, a standard cluster with basic vSphere HA might be sufficient. Finally, the design process should be iterative and involve regular communication with the business stakeholders. It is important to document the design, clearly explaining the decisions made and how they map back to the original business requirements. This documentation is not just for the implementation team; it also serves as a communication tool to ensure that the design is aligned with the stakeholders' expectations. The 2V0-71.21 exam's scenario-based questions often require you to think like an architect, analyzing a set of business needs and selecting the most appropriate technical solution.

Installing and Configuring ESXi Hosts

The foundation of any vSphere environment is the ESXi hypervisor, and the 2V0-71.21 exam requires hands-on knowledge of its installation and initial configuration. The installation process itself is straightforward, but candidates must be familiar with the different methods available. This includes interactive installation from a CD/DVD or USB drive, scripted installations using Kickstart scripts for automation, and network-based deployments using vSphere Auto Deploy. Understanding the use cases for each method is important. For example, Auto Deploy is ideal for large-scale deployments where consistency and speed are paramount. After the initial installation, the host must be configured. This is a critical step and a key focus of the exam. Essential configuration tasks include setting the host's management IP address, DNS servers, and NTP server for time synchronization. Time synchronization is particularly crucial for the proper functioning of vSphere features like HA and for accurate log analysis. Candidates should be comfortable performing these tasks through both the Direct Console User Interface (DCUI) and the vSphere Host Client. The ability to navigate these interfaces efficiently is a fundamental skill. Beyond the basic network settings, there are other important post-installation tasks. This includes configuring the host's connection to centralized storage, such as iSCSI or Fibre Channel LUNs, and setting up its network adapters for different traffic types. It is also a best practice to configure the host to send its logs to a remote syslog server for centralized collection and analysis. The 2V0-71.21 exam will test your ability to perform these configuration steps and understand the best practices associated with them, ensuring the host is secure, manageable, and ready to be added to vCenter Server.

Deploying and Managing vCenter Server Appliance (VCSA)

vCenter Server is the central management hub, and its deployment is a critical process covered in the 2V0-71.21 exam. The standard deployment method is the vCenter Server Appliance (VCSA), a pre-packaged Linux virtual machine. The deployment process is a two-stage affair. Stage one involves deploying the appliance itself onto an ESXi host or an existing vCenter Server. During this stage, you define the appliance's size (e.g., Tiny, Small, Large), its network settings, and its root password. Understanding the different deployment sizes and their corresponding resource requirements is crucial for proper planning. Stage two involves configuring the services within the VCSA. This is where you set up the vCenter Single Sign-On (SSO) domain or join an existing one. You also configure the appliance's time synchronization settings. Once deployed, managing the VCSA is an ongoing task. The 2V0-71.21 exam requires you to be familiar with the vCenter Server Management Interface (VAMI), which is accessed via a web browser on port 5480. From the VAMI, you can monitor the health of the appliance, manage backups, and install patches and updates. A key management task is configuring vCenter Server's identity sources. This involves connecting vCenter SSO to an external directory service like Microsoft Active Directory. This allows you to use existing user and group accounts to manage permissions within vSphere, which is a standard enterprise practice. Candidates must know how to add an identity source and then assign permissions to AD users and groups on different objects in the vCenter inventory. Proper identity and access management is a cornerstone of a secure vSphere environment.

Configuring vSphere Networking

Once the hosts and vCenter are in place, the next step is to configure the virtual network. The 2V0-71.21 exam thoroughly tests your skills in this area. This starts with the creation and configuration of virtual switches. For most enterprise environments, this means working with the vSphere Distributed Switch (VDS). You need to know how to create a VDS, add hosts to it, and configure its uplink port groups. A key part of this process is configuring the NIC teaming and failover policies to provide redundancy and load balancing for the physical network connections. After the VDS is set up, you need to create distributed port groups for different types of traffic. This includes port groups for virtual machine traffic, as well as VMkernel ports for infrastructure traffic like vMotion, iSCSI, and vSAN. The exam will expect you to know the best practices for isolating these traffic types using VLANs. For example, creating a dedicated, non-routable VLAN for vMotion traffic is a common security and performance best practice. You should be able to create a VMkernel port, attach it to the correct port group, and enable the appropriate services on it. The 2V0-71.21 exam also covers advanced networking topics that can be configured on a VDS. This includes Network I/O Control (NIOC), which allows you to guarantee bandwidth for critical network traffic types. You should understand how to configure shares, limits, and reservations for different traffic pools. Another important feature is the ability to configure security policies on port groups, such as preventing promiscuous mode or forged transmits. Mastering the configuration of a VDS is essential for building a scalable, resilient, and secure network for your virtual infrastructure.

Setting Up and Managing vSphere Storage

Configuring storage is another hands-on skill that is heavily featured in the 2V0-71.21 exam. For traditional storage, this involves configuring the storage adapters on the ESXi hosts. For iSCSI, this means setting up the software iSCSI adapter, configuring discovery methods (dynamic or static), and performing a rescan to discover the available LUNs. For Fibre Channel, the process is similar but involves working with World Wide Names (WWNs) and zoning on the FC fabric. You must be able to perform these tasks and then create VMFS datastores on the newly presented LUNs. Once the datastores are created, they need to be managed. This includes tasks like increasing the size of a VMFS datastore or creating multiple datastores for different purposes. A key management concept is multipathing. The exam requires you to understand how to view and manage storage paths from an ESXi host and how to configure the Path Selection Policy (PSP), such as setting it to Round Robin for better load balancing on supported arrays. Understanding how vSphere handles path failures and failovers is crucial for ensuring storage availability. If you are using vSAN, the configuration process is different. It involves creating a vSAN cluster and claiming the local disks on each host for use by vSAN. You need to designate which disks will be used for the cache tier and which for the capacity tier. After the vSAN datastore is created, the primary management task is to configure Storage Policy-Based Management (SPBM). The 2V0-71.21 exam will test your ability to create storage policies that define the availability and performance requirements for your VMs and then apply these policies to the VMs or their virtual disks.

Creating and Managing Virtual Machines and Templates

The core function of vSphere is running virtual machines, and the 2V0-71.21 exam covers their creation and management in detail. You should be proficient in using the New Virtual Machine wizard to create a VM, which includes selecting the guest operating system, specifying the virtual hardware version, and configuring the vCPU, memory, and virtual disks. Understanding the different virtual disk provisioning types—thick provision lazy zeroed, thick provision eager zeroed, and thin provision—is essential. You need to be able to explain the performance and space consumption trade-offs of each type. Once a VM is created, there are numerous management tasks you might need to perform. This includes installing VMware Tools, which is a critical step for improving performance and enabling advanced features. You also need to know how to modify a VM's hardware settings, such as adding a new virtual NIC or increasing its memory allocation (hot-add). Other common tasks include taking snapshots, which are useful for creating short-term rollback points, and cloning VMs to create identical copies. The exam will test your practical knowledge of these day-to-day operations. For managing VMs at scale, templates are indispensable. The 2V0-71.21 exam requires you to know how to create a VM template from a configured and patched virtual machine. You can then use this template to rapidly deploy new, standardized VMs. You should also be familiar with using the Content Library to store and manage your templates. The ability to deploy a VM from a template in the Content Library is a fundamental skill. This process can be further customized using guest OS customization specifications, which allow you to automate tasks like setting the computer name and joining a domain.

Configuring and Managing vSphere Clusters (HA and DRS)

vSphere clusters are what unlock the platform's most powerful features, and their configuration is a major part of the 2V0-71.21 exam. The first step is to create a cluster object in vCenter Server and add your ESXi hosts to it. Once the cluster is created, you can enable vSphere High Availability (HA). This involves configuring several settings, such as the host failure response (whether to restart VMs or leave them powered off) and the admission control policy. You must understand the different admission control options and how they ensure that sufficient resources are available for failover. The next feature to configure is the vSphere Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS). Enabling DRS allows the cluster to automatically balance workloads across the hosts. You need to know how to set the automation level for DRS, from manual to fully automated. The exam will also test your knowledge of creating DRS affinity and anti-affinity rules. These rules are used to control the placement of VMs, for example, to keep two VMs on separate hosts for availability or to keep them on the same host for performance. Managing a cluster also involves performing maintenance tasks. A common procedure is placing a host into maintenance mode to perform hardware or software updates. You must understand the different options for evacuating the running VMs from the host. When DRS is enabled, it can automatically migrate the VMs to other hosts in the cluster. The 2V0-71.21 exam will assess your understanding of these core cluster management workflows, as they are essential for maintaining a healthy and resilient vSphere environment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, preparing for and passing the 2V0-71.21 exam is a significant undertaking that requires dedication, theoretical study, and extensive hands-on practice. The exam covers a broad and deep range of topics, from the fundamental architecture of ESXi and vCenter Server to the advanced configuration of storage, networking, security, and high availability features. It validates that a professional has the skills necessary to implement, manage, and troubleshoot a modern vSphere 7.x infrastructure according to best practices, a capability that is in high demand in the IT industry. Earning the resulting VMware Certified Professional - Data Center Virtualization (VCP-DCV) certification is a major milestone in an IT professional's career. It serves as a formal recognition of your expertise and commitment to the field of virtualization. This credential can enhance your credibility with employers and clients, open up new job opportunities, and put you on a path toward more advanced roles and certifications within the VMware ecosystem. It demonstrates that you have a comprehensive understanding of how to build and maintain a powerful, flexible, and secure foundation for modern applications. The journey to certification is as valuable as the destination itself. The process of studying for the 2V0-71.21 exam will force you to deepen your knowledge, learn new skills, and become a more proficient and confident vSphere administrator. The concepts and practices covered in the exam blueprint are directly applicable to real-world data center operations, making the effort invested in preparation a direct investment in your professional capabilities. By mastering these topics, you are equipping yourself to manage the virtualized data centers that power businesses around the world.

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