Cisco 650-154 Practice Test Questions, Cisco 650-154 Exam Dumps

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The Legacy of the 650-154 Exam and the Evolution of Data Center Networking

The Cisco 650-154 exam, also known as the Data Center Networking Solution Sales (DCNSS) exam, was designed for a specific purpose: to equip sales professionals with the knowledge needed to effectively sell Cisco's data center networking portfolio of its time. This certification was targeted at Account Managers, Channel Partner Sales Associates, and Systems Engineers who were responsible for positioning the value of Cisco's solutions to customers. The exam focused on understanding customer needs and mapping them to the features and benefits of products like the Cisco Nexus switch family.

Passing the 650-154 exam signified that an individual could hold a credible conversation about the challenges in a traditional data center and articulate how Cisco's technology could address them. The curriculum covered key products, competitive positioning, and the business value of adopting Cisco's networking infrastructure. It was a crucial tool for Cisco's partner ecosystem, ensuring a baseline level of sales competency across the channel for this critical technology segment. It was less about deep technical configuration and more about the "why" and "what" of the solution.

The Role of the Data Center Sales Professional

The role that the 650-154 exam supported is that of a solution seller, not just a product reseller. A data center sales professional is tasked with understanding the complex business and technical challenges their customers face. These challenges can range from managing infrastructure complexity and reducing operational costs to improving application performance and enhancing security. The professional's job is to listen, analyze, and then craft a solution that leverages their company's technology portfolio to solve these specific problems and deliver tangible business outcomes.

This role requires a unique blend of skills. It demands a solid understanding of the technology, including networking, virtualization, and security concepts. It also requires strong business acumen to understand financial metrics like TCO and ROI. Furthermore, excellent communication and relationship-building skills are essential to establish trust and become a valued advisor to the customer. The 650-154 exam was an early attempt to formalize the foundational knowledge required for this multifaceted and critical role within the technology sales ecosystem.

Why the 650-154 Exam Was Retired

The data center landscape has undergone a seismic shift since the inception of the 650-154 exam. The industry has moved from static, manually configured networks to dynamic, software-defined, and automated environments. Technologies like VXLAN, EVPN, and policy-driven fabrics like Cisco ACI have become the new standard. The conversation has evolved from selling individual high-performance switches to selling a holistic platform that provides automation, security, and visibility across a hybrid, multi-cloud world.

To keep pace with this rapid innovation, Cisco has continuously evolved its certification programs. Specialized, product-centric exams like the 650-154 exam have been replaced by a more streamlined, role-based certification framework. The knowledge for sales professionals is now often integrated into broader partner specialization programs and continuous enablement training. Retiring older exams is a necessary process to ensure that certifications accurately reflect the current state of technology and the skills required in the modern marketplace, preventing confusion and maintaining the value of the credential.

Introducing the Modern Cisco Data Center Portfolio

The portfolio a sales professional represents today is vastly more powerful and comprehensive than the one covered by the 650-154 exam. At the heart of it is the Cisco Nexus 9000 series of switches, which serve as the foundation for two primary operating models. The first is standalone Nexus mode, often running VXLAN EVPN, which offers an open, standards-based approach to building a modern network fabric. This mode is highly flexible and appeals to customers who want granular control over their network configuration and prefer to use industry-standard protocols.

The second, and more transformative, operating model is Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI). ACI is a policy-driven SDN solution that automates the entire network fabric. It uses a centralized controller, the APIC, to manage the network as a single entity based on application requirements. This approach dramatically simplifies operations and provides intrinsic security through microsegmentation. A modern sales professional must be adept at positioning both of these powerful solutions, understanding which is a better fit for a given customer's operational model and business goals.

The Shift from Hardware to Solutions Selling

The retirement of the 650-154 exam also mirrors a broader industry shift from selling hardware to selling integrated solutions. Customers are no longer interested in buying just the "fastest box." They are looking for answers to their business problems. They want to know how the network can help them deploy applications faster, how it can protect them from increasingly sophisticated security threats, and how it can provide a consistent experience as they extend their workloads into the public cloud.

This requires a different kind of sales conversation. Instead of leading with product specifications, the discussion must start with the customer's business initiatives. The sales professional's role is to connect the dots between a technical feature, like network automation, and a business outcome, like a faster time-to-market for a new revenue-generating service. The modern sales motion is about architecting a complete solution that includes hardware, software, and services, and then presenting it with a clear business case.

The Importance of Automation and Orchestration

Perhaps the single biggest change since the era of the 650-154 exam is the rise of automation. The scale and complexity of modern data centers make manual, box-by-box configuration untenable. It is slow, error-prone, and cannot keep up with the dynamic needs of modern applications. Automation is no longer a luxury; it is a fundamental requirement. Modern Cisco data center solutions are built with automation at their core, whether through the policy-driven model of ACI or through the programmability of the Nexus NX-OS platform.

A sales professional must be able to articulate the profound business value of automation. It translates directly to reduced operational expenses by freeing up skilled engineers from repetitive tasks. It improves agility by allowing network resources to be provisioned in minutes instead of weeks. It enhances reliability and security by ensuring consistent, error-free configurations. The conversation about automation is a key part of any modern data center networking sales cycle and a primary differentiator for Cisco's solutions.

The Modern Partner and Sales Enablement Framework

While individual exams like the 650-154 exam have been retired, the need for a well-trained sales force has only increased. Cisco has shifted its focus to a comprehensive partner enablement framework. This includes partner specializations, such as the Advanced Data Center Architecture Specialization, which require a partner company to demonstrate a high level of expertise across sales, technical, and service delivery roles. This holistic approach ensures that customers are working with organizations that have a deep and proven understanding of the technology.

Sales professionals are now enabled through a continuous learning model. This includes online training modules, virtual workshops, and regular updates on new products and solutions. The focus is less on passing a single exam and more on maintaining a current and relevant skill set. This modern approach is more dynamic and better suited to the rapid pace of change in the technology industry, ensuring that the sales force is always equipped with the latest knowledge to effectively serve their customers.

Building on the Concepts of the 650-154 Exam

The 650-154 exam established a baseline of product knowledge for its time, focusing on the Cisco Nexus family. Today, a sales professional needs a much deeper and broader technical foundation to be credible. While they are not expected to be expert-level engineers, they must understand the core principles of modern data center architecture to effectively communicate the value of their solutions. This section will cover the essential technologies that form the bedrock of the modern Cisco data center networking portfolio.

This knowledge is what allows a salesperson to move from simply reciting datasheet features to having an intelligent conversation about architectural choices and their implications. Understanding concepts like spine-and-leaf design, overlay networks, and SDN is no longer optional. It is the price of entry for any serious data center sales professional. This foundational understanding is what enables them to ask the right questions, understand customer pain points, and accurately position the right solution for the right problem.

The Evolution of the Cisco Nexus Platform

The Cisco Nexus family of switches was a central topic of the 650-154 exam, and it remains the cornerstone of Cisco's data center networking solutions. However, the platform has evolved significantly. The current flagship is the Nexus 9000 series, which was designed from the ground up for the needs of the modern data center. These switches offer high-density 10, 25, 40, 100, and even 400 Gigabit Ethernet ports, providing the raw performance needed for today's demanding workloads.

But the true evolution is in their software and architectural flexibility. The Nexus 9000 series can operate in two distinct modes. The first is the standalone NX-OS mode, which provides a highly programmable, standards-based networking environment. The second is ACI mode, where the switch acts as a component of a policy-driven fabric managed by a central controller. This dual-personality capability allows customers to choose the operating model that best fits their needs, a key selling point that a modern sales professional must be able to articulate clearly.

Understanding Spine-and-Leaf Architecture

The physical foundation of any modern data center network is the spine-and-leaf architecture. This design, a departure from the traditional three-tier (core-aggregation-access) model, is fundamental to achieving the scale and performance required today. In a spine-and-leaf fabric, every leaf switch (where servers connect) is connected to every spine switch. This creates a highly resilient and non-blocking network topology with predictable, low-latency performance. All traffic is just one hop away from any other point in the fabric.

From a sales perspective, the benefits of a spine-and-leaf architecture are easy to articulate. It provides massive scalability; capacity can be increased simply by adding more spine or leaf switches. It offers superior performance and lower latency compared to older designs, which is critical for modern applications. It is also highly resilient, as the failure of any single switch or link has a minimal impact on the overall fabric. Explaining these clear advantages is a key part of the data center modernization conversation.

Introduction to VXLAN EVPN Overlays

One of the most important technologies in modern networking is VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN). VXLAN is a network overlay technology that allows you to create logical Layer 2 networks that can run over an existing Layer 3 physical network (the underlay). This decouples the logical network from the physical network, providing immense flexibility. It overcomes the scaling limitations of traditional VLANs, allowing for millions of logical networks instead of just four thousand.

When combined with EVPN (Ethernet VPN), which serves as the control plane, VXLAN provides a powerful and standards-based way to build a modern network fabric. EVPN is used to distribute information about the location of servers and endpoints throughout the network, enabling intelligent and efficient traffic forwarding. For a sales professional, positioning VXLAN EVPN is about selling agility, scalability, and a standards-based approach that avoids vendor lock-in, which are compelling messages for many customers.

The Core Principles of Cisco ACI

For customers seeking the highest degree of automation and operational simplicity, the conversation turns to Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI). ACI is Cisco's premier software-defined networking (SDN) solution. The core principle of ACI is to manage the network based on the needs of the applications it supports. Instead of thinking about VLANs, IP subnets, and access lists, an ACI administrator thinks about application tiers and the communication policies between them.

This application-centric policy model is the key concept to grasp. The administrator defines what needs to communicate with what (for example, the web servers can talk to the application servers on a specific port), and the ACI fabric automatically translates this business intent into the necessary low-level network configuration. This dramatically simplifies network operations and ensures that the network is always perfectly aligned with the needs of the business, a powerful value proposition that was not part of the original 650-154 exam landscape.

Nexus Dashboard: The Modern Management Hub

In the era of the 650-154 exam, network management was often a collection of disparate tools. Today, Cisco has unified the management and operations of its data center solutions with the Cisco Nexus Dashboard. The Nexus Dashboard is a centralized platform that hosts a suite of operational services for the modern data center. It provides a single landing spot for network administrators to manage, monitor, and analyze their entire data center network, whether it is a single ACI fabric or multiple fabrics across different sites.

From the Nexus Dashboard, administrators can launch applications like the Nexus Dashboard Orchestrator for managing multi-site ACI, or the Nexus Dashboard Insights for advanced network analytics and assurance. For a sales professional, the Nexus Dashboard is a powerful part of the story. It represents a commitment to operational simplicity, providing a single pane of glass that reduces complexity and gives customers deep visibility into the health and performance of their critical network infrastructure.

Security in the Modern Data Center Network

Security is no longer a separate conversation; it is an integral part of the data center networking sales motion. Traditional perimeter-based security is no longer sufficient to protect against modern threats that can move laterally within the data center. Modern network fabrics must provide intrinsic security features to address this. The key concept here is microsegmentation, which is the ability to create fine-grained security policies that can isolate individual workloads from each other.

Cisco ACI provides powerful microsegmentation capabilities through its policy-driven, zero-trust model. By default, no communication is allowed between application groups (EPGs) unless it is explicitly permitted by a contract. This prevents threats from spreading across the data center. A sales professional must be able to explain this concept and articulate its immense value in improving a customer's security posture. It is one of the most compelling reasons for customers to invest in a modern network fabric.

Moving Beyond the 650-154 Exam's Product Focus

The 650-154 exam focused on selling products by explaining their features. The modern sales professional must pivot this approach entirely. The goal is not to sell a Nexus 9000 switch; the goal is to sell a solution to a business problem. The switch is merely a component of that solution. This requires a shift in mindset and conversation style. The discussion must begin with the customer's challenges and aspirations and only then introduce technology as the enabler of their desired outcomes.

This solution-centric approach is far more effective because it aligns directly with the customer's priorities. A line-of-business owner does not care about VXLAN BGP EVPN, but they care deeply about launching a new application ahead of the competition. A CFO is not interested in ASIC performance, but they are very interested in reducing operational expenses. The art of modern solution selling is to build a strong bridge between the technical capabilities of the portfolio and these critical business metrics.

Solving the Challenge of Data Center Modernization

Many customers are still operating data centers built on aging, traditional three-tier network architectures. These environments are often complex, fragile, and difficult to manage. They cannot provide the agility or security that modern applications demand. This presents a massive opportunity for a sales professional to lead a conversation about data center modernization. The goal is to help the customer envision a future state that is simpler, more scalable, and more secure.

The solution is a move to a modern spine-and-leaf fabric, based on either a standards-based VXLAN EVPN approach or the policy-driven automation of Cisco ACI. The sales professional must paint a clear picture of the benefits: dramatically simplified network design, the ability to scale capacity on demand, consistent low-latency performance for all workloads, and a platform that is ready for automation and hybrid cloud integration. Data center modernization is a powerful narrative that addresses a wide range of customer pain points.

Addressing the Need for Business Agility

In today's digital economy, speed is a competitive advantage. The ability of a business to develop and deploy new applications and services quickly is often what separates market leaders from laggards. However, in many organizations, the network is the bottleneck. The manual, ticket-based processes for provisioning network connectivity and security policies can take weeks, slowing down the entire application lifecycle. This is a critical business problem that a modern network solution can solve.

This is where the automation story becomes paramount. With a solution like Cisco ACI, the network can be managed as code. Using policy-based automation, the network and security configurations for a new application can be deployed in minutes, not weeks. This allows the infrastructure to operate at the speed of the business, enabling DevOps and CI/CD pipelines. A sales professional can position the network not as a cost center, but as a strategic enabler of business agility and faster time-to-market.

Selling Security Through Microsegmentation

The security landscape has changed. With the dissolution of the traditional network perimeter, threats can originate from anywhere, including inside the data center. The ability to contain a threat and prevent its lateral movement is now a top priority for every CISO. This is a conversation that every data center sales professional must be prepared to have. The solution is not just about placing a firewall at the edge, but about building security into the fabric of the network itself.

This is the value proposition of microsegmentation. By using the policy-based contract model in Cisco ACI, an organization can enforce a zero-trust security model. Workloads can be isolated into granular security groups, and communication is only permitted on an explicit, as-needed basis. If one server is compromised, the breach is contained, and the threat cannot spread to other parts of the data center. This powerful security story is often one of the most compelling drivers for a customer to invest in a modern Cisco fabric.

The Automation and Orchestration Value Proposition

Beyond the initial provisioning of services, automation also plays a critical role in the day-to-day operations of the network. A modern data center network, managed by a platform like the Cisco Nexus Dashboard, can provide a wealth of telemetry data. This data can be analyzed by tools like Nexus Dashboard Insights to proactively identify potential problems, such as performance degradations or configuration drift, before they cause an outage. This moves the network operations team from a reactive to a proactive model.

This is a powerful business value proposition. Proactive operations mean higher availability for critical applications and a better experience for end-users. It also means that network engineers spend less time on mundane troubleshooting and more time on strategic initiatives that drive the business forward. For a sales professional, selling the operational benefits of a fully automated and orchestrated network platform can be just as impactful as selling the initial deployment agility.

Enabling Hybrid Cloud and Multi-Cloud Strategies

Few organizations today operate exclusively in an on-premises data center. Most are pursuing a hybrid cloud strategy, leveraging both private and public clouds to get the best of both worlds. This creates a new challenge: how to maintain consistent network and security policies across these different environments. A sales professional who can provide a credible answer to this question will have a significant advantage. This moves the conversation beyond the four walls of the data center.

Cisco provides solutions like Cloud ACI, which extends the ACI policy model directly into public cloud environments like AWS and Azure. This allows a customer to use a single operating model and a consistent set of security policies to manage their workloads, regardless of where they are running. The ability to offer a seamless bridge to the hybrid cloud world is a powerful differentiator and a key part of any modern data center networking sales conversation, a topic far beyond the scope of the original 650-154 exam.

Building a Business Case for a New Network Fabric

A successful solution sale often requires the creation of a formal business case that can be presented to the customer's financial decision-makers. This document goes beyond technical benefits and focuses on the financial impact of the proposed investment. It involves quantifying the value of the solution in terms of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and Return on Investment (ROI).

The business case should include a detailed analysis of the customer's current operational costs and compare them to the projected costs with the new solution. Savings can come from many areas: reduced manual labor due to automation, lower power and cooling costs from a more efficient hardware footprint, and the financial benefits of avoiding downtime through improved reliability. A sales professional who can help the customer build this business case is not just a vendor; they are a strategic partner in the customer's success.

Sharpening the Edge Beyond the 650-154 Exam

The sales landscape envisioned by the 650-154 exam was simpler. Today, the market is crowded with a variety of competitors, each with a different approach to data center networking. To succeed, a sales professional must be able to confidently and accurately position their solution against these alternatives. This requires more than just a surface-level understanding of the competition; it requires a nuanced appreciation for their strengths, weaknesses, and the specific customer profiles they appeal to.

This section delves into the competitive landscape and explores some of the advanced technical topics that often come up in sophisticated sales discussions. Mastering this material allows a sales professional to handle tough questions, address customer objections with confidence, and differentiate their offering in a meaningful way. It is about moving from a reactive to a proactive stance in competitive situations, armed with the knowledge to control the narrative and highlight unique value.

Positioning Cisco Against Key Competitors

The competitive landscape for data center networking includes several key players. There are the traditional networking vendors who offer their own fabric solutions. There are also software-focused companies that promote network disaggregation, where the network operating system is sold separately from the underlying hardware. And, of course, there is the ever-present alternative of using the native networking capabilities of the public cloud providers.

When positioning Cisco's portfolio, a sales professional must tailor their message. Against other traditional vendors, the differentiation often lies in the maturity and completeness of the solution, the deep integration between hardware and software, and the comprehensive management platform provided by Nexus Dashboard. Against disaggregated solutions, the argument is often about the value of a fully integrated, tested, and supported stack from a single vendor, which reduces complexity and risk for the customer.

Discussing Open Networking and Disaggregation

The topic of open networking and hardware/software disaggregation is a common one in sales cycles. Some customers are attracted to the idea of using "white-box" or "brite-box" switches with a third-party network operating system. The perceived benefits are lower hardware costs and freedom from vendor lock-in. A sales professional must be prepared to address this topic head-on.

The counter-positioning is not about dismissing the model, but about highlighting the total cost of ownership. While the initial hardware cost may be lower, the customer takes on the significant burden of integrating, testing, and supporting a multi-vendor solution. Cisco's integrated approach provides a fully validated and supported system, reducing operational risk and often leading to a lower TCO over the long run. The conversation should be about the value of a proven, enterprise-class solution versus the complexities of a do-it-yourself approach.

The Role of Nexus Dashboard Fabric Controller (NDFC)

For customers who choose the standards-based VXLAN EVPN path instead of ACI, Cisco provides a powerful management and automation tool called the Nexus Dashboard Fabric Controller (NDFC), which was formerly known as DCNM. NDFC is a controller that simplifies the deployment and management of VXLAN EVPN fabrics. It provides a graphical interface for building the fabric, provisioning services, and monitoring its ongoing health.

For a sales professional, NDFC is the key to selling an automated and manageable VXLAN EVPN solution. It addresses the concern that a standards-based fabric might be too complex to manage manually. NDFC provides many of the benefits of a controller-based system, such as simplified provisioning and centralized visibility, while still maintaining the open, standards-based nature of the underlying network. Understanding how to position NDFC is critical for winning deals with customers who are not ready for the full policy model of ACI.

Advanced ACI Concepts: Multi-Site and Cloud ACI

In strategic discussions with large enterprise customers, the conversation often extends beyond a single data center. Topics like disaster recovery, business continuity, and global workload mobility come to the forefront. This is where advanced ACI capabilities like Multi-Site and Cloud ACI become powerful differentiators. These solutions were not conceivable in the era of the 650-154 exam.

ACI Multi-Site allows an organization to interconnect multiple, geographically dispersed ACI fabrics and manage them as a single entity from a central orchestrator. This enables the consistent application of network and security policies across the globe. Cloud ACI takes this a step further, extending the same policy model into public cloud environments like AWS and Azure. A sales professional who can articulate the vision of a single, consistent policy domain that spans the entire hybrid cloud landscape can have a truly strategic conversation with a customer.

Introduction to Infrastructure as Code (IaC) for Networking

A growing trend in advanced IT organizations is the adoption of Infrastructure as Code (IaC). This is the practice of managing and provisioning infrastructure through machine-readable definition files, rather than through manual configuration. This is a core principle of the DevOps movement. Both Cisco ACI and the programmable NX-OS platforms are ideally suited for an IaC model.

A sales professional should be able to introduce this concept to forward-thinking customers. Both ACI (via its REST API) and Nexus switches (via technologies like Ansible) can be fully managed programmatically. This allows the network to be integrated into the customer's automated CI/CD pipelines. The network configuration can be version-controlled, tested, and deployed just like application code. This is a powerful message for customers looking to achieve the highest levels of agility and automation.

The Modern Sales Playbook: Replacing the 650-154 Exam

The 650-154 exam represented a snapshot of a sales process focused on a specific set of products. The modern sales process for data center networking is a more dynamic and consultative engagement. It is a playbook that guides the sales professional through a series of stages, from initial customer engagement to a successful close and ongoing relationship. This final section will outline the key steps in this modern sales process, providing a practical framework for applying the technical and business knowledge discussed in the previous parts.

This playbook is not a rigid script but a flexible guide. It emphasizes listening over talking, understanding over presenting, and partnering over selling. By following this process, a sales professional can transform themselves from a simple vendor into a trusted advisor. This is the ultimate goal of solution selling and the key to long-term success in the complex and competitive world of data center technology sales.

The Art of the Discovery Call

The entire sales process begins with discovery. The initial calls with a potential customer are the most critical stage. The objective is not to pitch a product, but to learn. A skilled sales professional uses this time to ask open-ended questions designed to uncover the customer's business priorities, their technical challenges, and the political landscape within their organization. What are their key initiatives for the year? What is slowing them down? What does success look like for them?

During discovery, the professional is listening for pain points that can be solved with their solutions. Is the customer struggling with manual network provisioning? Are they worried about security? Are they planning a cloud migration? These pain points are the raw material for building a compelling value proposition. A discovery call that is 80% listening and 20% talking is far more effective than one that starts with a product presentation.

Qualifying Opportunities Effectively

Not every potential customer is a good fit for a solution at a given time. A critical skill for any sales professional is the ability to effectively qualify opportunities. This prevents wasting time and resources on deals that are unlikely to close. Qualification involves assessing several factors. Does the customer have a real, acknowledged business problem that your solution can solve? Do they have a budget allocated for such a project?

Furthermore, it is important to understand the decision-making process. Who are the key stakeholders? What is their timeline for making a decision? Answering these questions helps to determine if an opportunity is real and worth pursuing. A well-qualified opportunity has a much higher probability of success and allows the sales team to focus its efforts where they will have the most impact, a business discipline that transcends the scope of the 650-154 exam.

Delivering Powerful Presentations and Demos

Once an opportunity is qualified and the customer's needs are understood, it is time to present the proposed solution. A powerful presentation is not a generic overview of the product portfolio. It is a tailored story that connects the customer's specific pain points, as identified during discovery, directly to the capabilities of the solution. The presentation should be structured around the customer's business outcomes, not around technical features.

When it comes to demonstrations, the same principle applies. A demo should not be a tour of every button and menu in the user interface. It should be a "day in the life" scenario that shows how the solution solves a specific problem for the customer. For example, a demo could show how quickly a new application can be deployed using ACI's policy model, directly addressing a customer's stated need for more agility.

Overcoming Common Objections

In any sales cycle, objections are inevitable. Customers may have concerns about cost, complexity, or the risk of migrating to a new technology. A successful sales professional anticipates these objections and is prepared to address them proactively. This requires not just product knowledge, but also a deep understanding of the market and the customer's perspective.

For example, if a customer objects to the cost of a solution, the conversation should be reframed around total cost of ownership and return on investment, highlighting the operational savings from automation. If they are concerned about complexity, the focus should be on the operational simplicity provided by a centralized management platform like the Nexus Dashboard. Handling objections effectively is about turning a potential negative into an opportunity to reinforce the value of the solution.

Conclusion

For complex solutions like data center networking, a presentation and demo are often not enough to secure a technical win. A Proof of Concept (PoC) or a hands-on workshop can be an invaluable tool. A PoC allows the customer's technical team to test the solution in their own environment against a set of mutually agreed-upon success criteria. This provides tangible proof that the solution can deliver on its promises.

A workshop is a more collaborative engagement, where the sales team works side-by-side with the customer to design a solution or explore a new technology. These engagements are powerful because they build trust and allow the customer to develop a sense of ownership over the proposed solution. They are a critical part of the modern sales playbook for high-value, complex technology sales, offering a level of assurance that a certification like the 650-154 exam could only hint at.

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