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R1's installed IPv4 table selects route `S 10.60.0.0/16 via 192.0.2.2, Gi0/0`. The LAN has already resolved 192.0.2.2 to MAC 00aa.bbcc.ddee. What Ethernet destination address does R1 use for a packet to 10.60.2.5?
The routing decision picks next-hop 192.0.2.2, and Ethernet encapsulation uses that local adjacency's MAC. The destination IP remains 10.60.2.5 in the routed packet.
A remote subnet destination MAC is not directly reachable on the local Ethernet; the router addresses the adjacent next hop instead.
Broadcast is used for certain discoveries, not each normal resolved unicast forwarding frame.
The source host's MAC is not the outgoing destination MAC; the forwarding adjacency points to the next-hop router.
At a distribution center, the on-call technician forwards a packet to 10.12.67.108. Four installed IPv4 routes are listed; all next hops are usable. Which entry wins the longest-prefix match?
10.12.67.0/24 has a prefix length /24 and is the longest matching installed route for 10.12.67.108; destination lookups prefer specificity before an unrelated metric.
10.12.0.0/16 has a prefix length /16 and matches 10.12.67.108 but /24 is more specific than /16.
0.0.0.0/0 has a prefix length /0 and matches 10.12.67.108 but /24 is more specific than /0.
10.12.67.128/25 has a prefix length /25 and does not contain 10.12.67.108, so this route cannot forward the destination.
At a hotel, a network operations engineer forwards a packet to 10.82.57.81. Four installed IPv4 routes are listed; all next hops are usable. Which entry wins the longest-prefix match?
10.82.0.0/16 has a prefix length /16 and is the longest matching installed route for 10.82.57.81; destination lookups prefer specificity before an unrelated metric.
10.82.58.0/24 has a prefix length /24 and does not contain 10.82.57.81, so this route cannot forward the destination.
0.0.0.0/0 has a prefix length /0 and matches 10.82.57.81 but /16 is more specific than /0.
10.82.57.128/25 has a prefix length /25 and does not contain 10.82.57.81, so this route cannot forward the destination.
At a payment processor, the on-call technician learns identical destination 192.0.2.128/26 from two eligible route sources with administrative distances 1 and 110. Which default IOS route-selection statement is correct?
For the identical prefix 192.0.2.128/26, administrative distance ranks competing route sources; lower AD 1 is preferred to 110. The RIB installs the best eligible source for that destination.
Administrative distance is a preference cost with lower values preferred, not a higher-is-better score.
There is no threshold based on the numerical AD difference that creates multipath. Different source-preference values select the lower-AD candidate for this exact prefix.
For identical eligible destination prefixes, administrative distance compares route-source preference in the opposite direction: AD 1 is preferred to AD 110, not vice versa.
At a logistics provider, the on-call technician evaluates four OSPF candidate paths to the identical destination 198.51.100.192/26 and the same area. Which path is preferred under the listed route costs?
Within the same routing protocol and prefix 198.51.100.192/26, lower OSPF accumulated cost is preferred. Path A cost 10 is the lowest among the presented alternatives.
Within the same routing protocol and prefix 198.51.100.192/26, lower OSPF accumulated cost is preferred. Path B cost 75 exceeds path A cost 10.
Within the same routing protocol and prefix 198.51.100.192/26, lower OSPF accumulated cost is preferred. Path D cost 45 exceeds path A cost 10.
Within the same routing protocol and prefix 198.51.100.192/26, lower OSPF accumulated cost is preferred. Path C cost 20 exceeds path A cost 10.
At an e-commerce platform, an implementation partner forwards a packet to 10.137.138.93. Four installed IPv4 routes are listed; all next hops are usable. Which entry wins the longest-prefix match?
10.137.138.0/25 has a prefix length /25 and is the longest matching installed route for 10.137.138.93; destination lookups prefer specificity before an unrelated metric.
0.0.0.0/0 has a prefix length /0 and matches 10.137.138.93 but /25 is more specific than /0.
10.137.138.0/24 has a prefix length /24 and matches 10.137.138.93 but /25 is more specific than /24.
10.137.0.0/16 has a prefix length /16 and matches 10.137.138.93 but /25 is more specific than /16.
R1 has valid installed routes 172.16.20.0/24 via R2 and 172.16.20.64/26 via R3. A packet is destined for 172.16.20.100. Which path is selected?
The /26 spans 172.16.20.64–127 and matches .100. The /24 also matches, but longest-prefix selection favors the /26.
Network ID numeric order is not a forwarding tie-breaker when prefixes differ.
ECMP is not inferred for a /26 and /24; different prefix lengths are not equal route candidates.
Routers commonly hold covering and more-specific routes simultaneously; CIDR forwarding selects the longest eligible match.
R1 has two eligible static IPv4 default routes: via ISP1 with AD 1 and via ISP2 with AD 220. Both destinations are resolved. What is the normal installed preference?
For the same 0.0.0.0/0 prefix, lower AD 1 is preferred; the higher-AD static default is a backup candidate.
Administrative distance is a preference where lower values are more trusted, not higher values.
Unequal-AD defaults are not automatically equal-cost paths; the second can be held as a standby route.
Having a backup default route in the configuration is valid and commonly used for failover.
An engineer configures `ip route 172.16.8.0 255.255.255.0 198.51.100.6`, but `show ip route` contains only an OSPF route to 172.16.8.0/24 via 192.0.2.2. The static next hop cannot be resolved. What forwards traffic now?
Forwarding relies on eligible routes installed in the routing table. The unresolved static route does not replace the observed active OSPF route.
A static route needs a valid resolution/exit path to become useful; the running configuration alone is not forwarding proof.
An unresolved next hop cannot participate in ECMP, and distinct protocol ADs do not establish equal cost.
An ineligible static route does not permanently disable an otherwise eligible learned route for the prefix.
A router has an OSPF route to 172.16.0.0/16 at metric 5 and another OSPF route to 172.16.2.0/24 at metric 100. Which entry matches traffic for 172.16.2.8?
Forwarding first selects the most specific matching destination prefix. OSPF metrics compare competing paths for the same route rather than overriding the /24 match with a /16.
Metric preference does not outweigh a more-specific installed route for a particular packet destination.
Networks can contain overlapping prefixes with different metrics; they remain valid route entries.
A packet matches both, but longest-prefix selection chooses the more-specific /24 entry.
A router has a working default route to ISP-A and an installed 198.51.100.0/24 route toward a partner VPN. Traffic for 198.51.100.44 is arriving. Where does IOS forward it?
The /24 and /0 match the destination, but the /24 has 24 more fixed destination bits and wins longest-prefix forwarding.
The default is only the fallback when no more-specific valid route covers the destination.
The presence of a default in addition to a specific route does not create same-prefix equal-cost paths.
The documented 198.51.100.0/24 block is valid for an illustrative routing problem; address documentation status does not change prefix matching.
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